Removal of the mesial temporal lobe (MTL) is an established surgical procedure that leads to seizure freedom in patients with intractable MTL epilepsy; however, it carries the potential risk of memory damage. Neurofeedback (NF), which regulates brain function by converting brain activity into perceptible information and providing feedback, has attracted considerable attention in recent years for its potential as a novel complementary treatment for many neurological disorders. However, no research has attempted to artificially reorganize memory functions by applying NF before resective surgery to preserve memory functions. Thus, this study aimed (1) to construct a memory NF system that used intracranial electrodes to feedback neural activity on the language-dominant side of the MTL during memory encoding and (2) to verify whether neural activity and memory function in the MTL change with NF training. Two intractable epilepsy patients with implanted intracranial electrodes underwent at least five sessions of memory NF training to increase the theta power in the MTL. There was an increase in theta power and a decrease in fast beta and gamma powers in one of the patients in the late stage of memory NF sessions. NF signals were not correlated with memory function. Despite its limitations as a pilot study, to our best knowledge, this study is the first to report that intracranial NF may modulate neural activity in the MTL, which is involved in memory encoding. The findings provide important insights into the future development of NF systems for the artificial reorganization of memory functions.

内侧颞叶 (MTL) 切除术是一种既定的外科手术，可以使顽固性 MTL 癫痫患者摆脱癫痫发作；然而，它存在潜在的记忆损伤风险。神经反馈（NF）通过将大脑活动转化为可感知的信息并提供反馈来调节大脑功能，近年来因其作为许多神经系统疾病的新型补充治疗的潜力而引起了广泛的关注。然而，还没有研究尝试通过在切除手术前应用 NF 来人为地重组记忆功能以保留记忆功能。因此，本研究的目的是（1）构建一个记忆NF系统，在记忆编码过程中使用颅内电极反馈MTL语言主导侧的神经活动，以及（2）验证MTL中的神经活动和记忆功能是否发生变化与 NF 训练。两名颅内植入电极的顽固性癫痫患者接受了至少五次记忆 NF 训练，以增加 MTL 的 theta 功率。其中一名患者在记忆 NF 治疗后期，θ 功率增加，快速 β 和伽马功率下降。NF 信号与记忆功能不相关。尽管作为试点研究存在局限性，但据我们所知，这项研究是第一个报告颅内神经纤维瘤可能调节 MTL 中参与记忆编码的神经活动的研究。这些发现为人工记忆功能重组 NF 系统的未来发展提供了重要的见解。