This article seeks to answer the question of how to deal with the problem of unlawful judicial appointments in Poland in a way consistent with the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). According to the Polish Constitution, appointments of judges are made upon the request of the National Council of the Judiciary (NCJ). After controversial reforms in 2017, this body lost its independence from politicians. In the four judgments issued so far, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) ruled that appointments of Supreme Court judges made upon the request of politicised NCJ were burdened with manifest violation of domestic law and, as a result, panels of courts composed of persons appointed in this way were not ‘tribunal established by law’. Arguably, this conclusion may be extended to other judges appointed in the same way. The question remains, however, what to do with persons appointed with violation of law; in particular, whether such persons can simply be removed from the judiciary. This article argues that even though the domestic authorities have some discretion with regards to choosing the proper measures to fix the problem of unlawfully appointed judges, this is limited by the need to comply with the standards stemming from the ECHR. In particular, it is important to respect unlawfully appointed persons’ right to court. This means that instead of removing all of them without any judicial review, a more individualised approach would be preferable.

本文旨在回答如何以符合《欧洲人权公约》（ECHR）的方式处理波兰非法司法任命问题的问题。根据波兰宪法，法官的任命是根据国家司法委员会（NCJ）的要求进行的。经过 2017 年有争议的改革后，该机构失去了对政客的独立性。在迄今为止发布的四项判决中，欧洲人权法院（ECtHR）裁定，应政治化的全国法院的要求而任命的最高法院法官明显违反了国内法，因此，由以这种方式任命的人员并不是“依法设立的法庭”。可以说，这一结论可以推广到以同样方式任命的其他法官。问题仍然是，但是，对于违法任命的人该怎么办？特别是，是否可以简单地将这些人从司法机构中除名。本文认为，尽管国内当局在选择适当措施来解决非法任命法官问题方面拥有一定的自由裁量权，但这受到遵守欧洲人权法院标准的需要的限制。尤其重要的是，尊重非法任命者诉诸法庭的权利。这意味着，与其在没有任何司法审查的情况下将其全部删除，不如采取更加个性化的方法。本文认为，尽管国内当局在选择适当措施来解决非法任命法官问题方面拥有一定的自由裁量权，但这受到遵守欧洲人权法院标准的需要的限制。尤其重要的是，尊重非法任命者诉诸法庭的权利。这意味着，与其在没有任何司法审查的情况下将其全部删除，不如采取更加个性化的方法。本文认为，尽管国内当局在选择适当措施来解决非法任命法官问题方面拥有一定的自由裁量权，但这受到遵守欧洲人权法院标准的需要的限制。尤其重要的是，尊重非法任命者诉诸法庭的权利。这意味着，与其在没有任何司法审查的情况下将其全部删除，不如采取更加个性化的方法。