Neurodegenerative disorders occur through progressive loss of function or structure of neurons, with loss of sensation and cognition values. The lack of successful therapeutic approaches to solve neurologic disorders causes physical disability and paralysis and has a significant socioeconomic impact on patients. In recent years, nanocarriers and stem cells have attracted tremendous attention as a reliable approach to treating neurodegenerative disorders. In this regard, nanoparticle-based labeling combined with imaging technologies has enabled researchers to survey transplanted stem cells and fully understand their fate by monitoring their survival, migration, and differentiation. For the practical implementation of stem cell therapies in the clinical setting, it is necessary to accurately label and follow stem cells after administration. Several approaches to labeling and tracking stem cells using nanotechnology have been proposed as potential treatment strategies for neurological diseases. Considering the limitations of intravenous or direct stem cell administration, intranasal delivery of nanoparticle-labeled stem cells in neurological disorders is a new method of delivering stem cells to the central nervous system (CNS). This review describes the challenges and limitations of stem cell-based nanotechnology methods for labeling/tracking, intranasal delivery of cells, and cell fate regulation as theragnostic labeling.

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神经退行性疾病中纳米颗粒标记的干细胞鼻内递送：挑战和机遇

神经退行性疾病是通过神经元功能或结构的逐渐丧失而发生的，伴随着感觉和认知价值的丧失。缺乏成功的治疗方法来解决神经系统疾病会导致身体残疾和瘫痪，并对患者产生重大的社会经济影响。近年来，纳米载体和干细胞作为治疗神经退行性疾病的可靠方法引起了极大的关注。在这方面，基于纳米颗粒的标记与成像技术相结合，使研究人员能够调查移植的干细胞，并通过监测它们的存活、迁移和分化来充分了解它们的命运。为了在临床环境中实际实施干细胞疗法，有必要在给药后准确地标记和追踪干细胞。已经提出了几种使用纳米技术标记和跟踪干细胞的方法作为神经系统疾病的潜在治疗策略。考虑到静脉或直接干细胞给药的局限性，在神经系统疾病中鼻内递送纳米颗粒标记的干细胞是将干细胞递送至中枢神经系统（CNS）的新方法。这篇综述描述了基于干细胞的纳米技术方法作为治疗诊断标记的挑战和局限性，这些方法用于标记/跟踪、鼻内递送细胞和细胞命运调节。