This article aims at disentangling the effect of judges' gender, experience, and caseload in the assignment of restraining orders in IPV cases. Previous literature has independently looked at the effect of gender on judicial decisions and found that it becomes relevant in gender-related cases. However, we find that such effects are better understood in interaction with other contextual factors such as the experience of judges and the amount of work they face, because these determine the levels of uncertainty and information costs surrounding decisions. For our empirical analysis, we use data from on-duty pretrial court decisions on restraining orders in Spain between 2010 and 2018. We find conditional effects of gender depending on experience and workload: more experienced female judges are more likely to grant protection orders than their male counterparts when the amount of caseload is high. These findings are relevant to understand the mechanisms behind judicial inequality under civil law systems, where judges' attributes tend to be unobservable by institutional design.

中文翻译：

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法官性别对亲密伴侣暴力决策的影响

本文旨在阐明法官的性别、经验和案件量在 IPV 案件中限制令分配中的影响。先前的文献独立研究了性别对司法判决的影响，发现它在与性别相关的案件中变得相关。然而，我们发现，在与其他背景因素（例如法官的经验和他们面临的工作量）相互作用时，可以更好地理解这种影响，因为这些因素决定了决策周围的不确定性和信息成本水平。在我们的实证分析中，我们使用了 2010 年至 2018 年西班牙在职预审法院关于限制令的判决数据。我们发现性别的条件影响取决于经验和工作量：当案件数量较多时，经验丰富的女法官比男法官更有可能发出保护令。这些发现有助于理解民法体系下司法不平等背后的机制，在民法体系中，法官的属性往往无法通过制度设计来观察。