This study examined whether parental control differentially predicted children's effortful control and adjustment depending on children's levels of executive control and delay ability. Using longitudinal data, the study included 241 preschool-age children and their mothers. Fifty-seven percent of the sample was lower income and included 64% White, 10% Latino/Hispanic, 9% Black, 3% Asian-American, 2% Native or American Indian, and 12% multiple racial/ethnic backgrounds. Interactions between aspects of parental and child control at 3-years-old were tested as predictors of mother-reported child effortful control at 4.5 years and teacher-reported adjustment at 5.5 years. Children's early levels of executive control and delay ability moderated the relations of some forms of parental control with child outcomes, although several hypothesized interactions were nonsignificant. Low parental autonomy respect predicted higher externalizing for children initially high in executive control but predicted lower externalizing for children initially low in executive control. Conversely, high autonomy respect predicted higher impulsivity for children low in delay ability but higher social competence for children high in delay ability. Finally, low maternal negative control predicted higher internalizing for children low in delay ability, whereas it predicted higher internalizing for children high in delay ability. These findings suggest that in some cases the type and degree of parental control should match a child's level of effortful control to support their social, emotional, and behavioral adjustment optimally.

中文翻译：

---

父母控制对学龄前适应的不同影响取决于儿童的努力控制

这项研究检验了父母的控制是否会根据儿童的执行控制和延迟能力水平来不同地预测儿童的努力控制和调整。该研究使用纵向数据，纳入了 241 名学龄前儿童及其母亲。样本中 57% 的人收入较低，其中包括 64% 的白人、10% 的拉丁裔/西班牙裔、9% 的黑人、3% 的亚裔美国人、2% 的原住民或美洲印第安人以及 12% 的多种种族/民族背景。对 3 岁时父母和孩子控制方面之间的相互作用进行了测试，作为母亲报告的孩子 4.5 岁时努力控制和教师报告的 5.5 岁时调整的预测因素。儿童早期的执行控制和延迟能力水平调节了某些形式的父母控制与儿童结果的关系，尽管一些假设的相互作用并不显着。父母对自主权的尊重程度较低，预示着最初执行控制能力较高的儿童的外化程度较高，但对于最初执行控制能力较低的儿童，外化程度较低。相反，高度的自主尊重预示着延迟能力低的儿童具有更高的冲动性，而延迟能力高的儿童则预示着更高的社交能力。最后，低母亲负控制预示着延迟能力低的儿童具有更高的内化能力，而延迟能力高的儿童则预示着更高的内化能力。这些发现表明，在某些情况下，父母控制的类型和程度应与孩子的努力控制水平相匹配，以最佳地支持他们的社交、情感和行为调整。