Mitochondria sense both biochemical and energetic input in addition to communicating signals regarding the energetic state of the cell. Increasingly, these signaling organelles are recognized as key for regulating different cell functions. This review summarizes recent advances in mitochondrial communication in striated muscle, with specific focus on the processes by which mitochondria communicate with each other, other organelles, and across distant organ systems. Intermitochondrial communication in striated muscle is mediated via conduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential to adjacent mitochondria, physical interactions, mitochondrial fusion or fission, and via nanotunnels, allowing for the exchange of proteins, mitochondrial DNA, nucleotides, and peptides. Within striated muscle cells, mitochondria-organelle communication can modulate overall cell function. The various mechanisms by which mitochondria communicate mitochondrial fitness to the rest of the body suggest that extracellular mitochondrial signaling is key during health and disease. Whereas mitochondria-derived vesicles might excrete mitochondria-derived endocrine compounds, stimulation of mitochondrial stress can lead to the release of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) into the circulation to modulate whole-body physiology. Circulating mitochondrial DNA are well-known alarmins that trigger the immune system and may help to explain low-grade inflammation in various chronic diseases. Impaired mitochondrial function and communication are central in common heart and skeletal muscle pathologies, including cardiomyopathies, insulin resistance, and sarcopenia. Lastly, important new advances in research in mitochondrial endocrinology, communication, medical horizons, and translational aspects are discussed.

中文翻译：

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健康和疾病中横纹肌的细胞内到器官间线粒体通讯。

除了传达有关细胞能量状态的信号外，线粒体还可以感知生化和能量输入。这些信号细胞器越来越被认为是调节不同细胞功能的关键。这篇综述总结了横纹肌线粒体通讯的最新进展，特别关注线粒体彼此、其他细胞器以及跨越遥远器官系统的通讯过程。横纹肌中的线粒体通讯是通过线粒体膜电位传导至邻近线粒体、物理相互作用、线粒体融合或裂变以及通过纳米隧道介导的，从而允许蛋白质、线粒体 DNA、核苷酸和肽的交换。在横纹肌细胞内，线粒体-细胞器通讯可以调节整体细胞功能。线粒体将线粒体健康状况传递给身体其他部位的各种机制表明，细胞外线粒体信号传导在健康和疾病期间至关重要。虽然线粒体来源的囊泡可能会分泌线粒体来源的内分泌化合物，但刺激线粒体应激可导致成纤维细胞生长因子 21 (FGF21) 和生长分化因子 15 (GDF15) 释放到循环中，从而调节全身生理机能。循环线粒体 DNA 是众所周知的警报素，可触发免疫系统，并可能有助于解释各种慢性疾病中的低度炎症。线粒体功能和通讯受损是常见心脏和骨骼肌病理的核心，包括心肌病、胰岛素抵抗和肌肉减少症。最后，讨论了线粒体内分泌学、通讯、医学视野和转化方面研究的重要新进展。