This is a report from a one-week workshop held in Athens, Greece in July of 2022. The workshop aimed to identify emerging concepts relevant to the fundamentals of immune regulation and areas for future research. Theories of immune regulation emphasize the role of T cell help or co-stimulation (signal 2). The workshop participants considered how new data on the characteristics of agonist antigens, the role of the antigen receptor signals (signal 1) in driving fate decisions, the effect of energetics on immunity and a better understanding of class-control in the immune response, may impact theories of immune regulation. These ideas were discussed in the context of tumour immunology, autoimmunity, pregnancy and transplantation. Here we present the discussions as a narrative of different viewpoints to allow the reader to join the conversation. These discussions highlight the evolving understanding of the nature of specific antigen recognition and how both antigen-specific and non-specific mechanisms impact immune responses.

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关于抗原特异性信号、免疫类别调节和能量学：免疫调节基本概念研讨会的报告 III

这是 2022 年 7 月在希腊雅典举行的为期一周的研讨会的报告。该研讨会旨在确定与免疫调节基础知识和未来研究领域相关的新兴概念。免疫调节理论强调 T 细胞帮助或共刺激的作用（信号 2）。研讨会参与者考虑了有关激动剂抗原特性、抗原受体信号（信号 1）在驱动命运决定中的作用、能量学对免疫的影响以及对免疫反应中类别控制的更好理解的新数据如何可能免疫调节的影响理论。这些想法在肿瘤免疫学、自身免疫、妊娠和移植的背景下进行了讨论。在这里，我们将讨论作为不同观点的叙述来呈现，以便读者加入对话。