Abstract

Yield potential, plant height and flowering time are three classes of traits that determine the productivity of rice. Rice heading greatly depends on the accurate measurement of environment changes, particularly in day length and temperature. We discuss all genes reported to be related to the heading time in this review. The accumulation of florigen, such as Hd3a or RFT1, is the key factor for rice heading. Florigen is found in the rice leaf and then transports into the shoot apical meristem (SAM), where floral initiation occurs. We discuss the formation of florigen activation complex (FAC) with 14-3-3 and FD1 proteins to induce the expression of flowering genes. In addition, two key pathways related to heading date, GI-Hd1-Hd3a and Ghd7-Ehd1-Hd3a/RFT1 are introduced in this review. We summarize proteins with histone modification functions, due to the modification of histone is also significant for heading date. The flowering time also extremely dependent on the environments, including nutrient availability, abiotic and biotic stresses, we argue the phenotypes of rice heading date under different extreme environments, as well. Lastly, we gather genes that are reported having a change in heading time, but their detail molecular regulation is still elusive. Thus, this review introduces heading time systematically, providing knowledge and ideas for researchers to study further the phenotype of heading time.

摘要

产量潜力、株高和开花时间是决定水稻生产力的三类性状。水稻抽穗很大程度上取决于对环境变化的准确测量，特别是日长和温度的变化。我们在这篇综述中讨论了所有与抽穗时间相关的基因。Hd3a或RFT1等成花素的积累是水稻抽穗的关键因素。成花素存在于稻叶中，然后输送到茎尖分生组织 (SAM)，在那里发生花的形成。我们讨论了成花素激活复合物 (FAC) 与 14-3-3 和 FD1 蛋白的形成，以诱导开花基因的表达。此外，本综述还介绍了与抽穗日期相关的两个关键途径：GI-Hd1-Hd3a 和 Ghd7-Ehd1-Hd3a/RFT1。我们总结了具有组蛋白修饰功能的蛋白质，由于组蛋白的修饰对于抽穗日期也很重要。开花时间也极大地依赖于环境，包括养分可用性、非生物和生物胁迫，我们也认为不同极端环境下水稻抽穗日期的表型。最后，我们收集了据报道会改变抽穗时间的基因，但它们的详细分子调控仍然难以捉摸。因此，本文系统介绍了抽穗期，为研究者进一步研究抽穗期表型提供知识和思路。最后，我们收集了据报道会改变抽穗时间的基因，但它们的详细分子调控仍然难以捉摸。因此，本文系统介绍了抽穗期，为研究者进一步研究抽穗期表型提供知识和思路。最后，我们收集了据报道会改变抽穗时间的基因，但它们的详细分子调控仍然难以捉摸。因此，本文系统介绍了抽穗期，为研究者进一步研究抽穗期表型提供知识和思路。