This study describes the morphological and dynamic changes of Parkachik Glacier, Suru River valley, Ladakh Himalaya, India. We used medium-resolution satellite images; CORONA KH-4, Landsat and Sentinel-2A from 1971–2021, and field surveys between 2015 and 2021. In addition, we used the laminar flow-based Himalayan Glacier Thickness Mapper and provide results for recent margin fluctuations, surface ice velocity, ice thickness, and identified glacier-bed overdeepenings. The results revealed that overall the glacier retreated by −210.5 ± 80 m with an average rate of 4 ± 1 m a−1 between 1971 and 2021. Whereas a field study suggested that the glacier retreat increased to −123 ± 72 m at an average rate of −20 ± 12 m a−1 between 2015 and 2021. Surface ice velocity was estimated using COSI-Corr on the Landsat data. Surface ice velocity in the lower ablation zone was 45 ± 2 m a−1 in 1999–2000 and 32 ± 1 m a−1 in 2020–2021, thus reduced by 28%. Further, the maximum thickness of the glacier is estimated to be ~441 m in the accumulation zone, while for glacier tongue it is ~44 m. The simulation results suggest that if the glacier continues to retreat at a similar rate, three lakes of different dimensions may form in subglacial overdeepenings.

中文翻译：

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印度拉达克喜马拉雅地区帕卡奇克冰川的冰川退缩、动态和河床过度加深

这项研究描述了印度拉达克喜马拉雅山苏鲁河谷帕卡奇克冰川的形态和动态变化。我们使用中等分辨率的卫星图像；1971 年至 2021 年的 CORONA KH-4、Landsat 和 Sentinel-2A，以及 2015 年至 2021 年的实地调查。此外，我们使用基于层流的喜马拉雅冰川厚度测绘仪，提供了近期边缘波动、表面冰速度、冰厚度和已识别的冰川床过度加深的结果。结果显示，冰川整体退缩了-210.5 ± 80 m，平均退缩速度为4 ± 1 ma−11971 年至 2021 年间。而实地研究表明，冰川退缩以 -20 ± 12 ma 的平均速度增加至 -123 ± 72 m−12015 年至 2021 年间。使用 COSI-Corr 根据 Landsat 数据估算了表面冰速度。下部消融区的表面冰速度为 45 ± 2 ma−11999-2000年和32±1ma−12020-2021 年，减少了 28%。此外，冰川堆积区的最大厚度估计约为 441 m，而冰川舌的最大厚度约为 44 m。模拟结果表明，如果冰川继续以相似的速度退缩，冰下过度加深可能会形成三个不同尺寸的湖泊。