Executive functions (EFs) provide a top-down response to stimuli and events in pursuit of a goal. We argue that the extent to which an individual's environment is enriching and a good fit for them influences whether their performance at that moment is towards their upper- or lower-limit of EF ability. We outline the implications of this for interpreting measures of EF. We next argue that a child's sensitivity to the environment, and their caregivers' ability to modulate the environment to improve goodness-of-fit, influences the cumulative effects of the environment in shaping that child's actualised EF ability (the performance level shown in day-to-day situations), and thus their skill development. We therefore recommend that EF interventions be designed to improve children's actualised EF ability by improving their day-to-day environment, while simultaneously helping children modulate their physiological response to environmental challenges, and providing opportunities to practise EF skills in ecologically-valid contexts.

中文翻译：

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塑造环境背景以优化神经多样性执行功能的表现和发展：拟合优度账户

执行功能 (EF) 为追求目标提供对刺激和事件的自上而下的响应。我们认为，个人环境的丰富性和适合程度会影响他们当时的表现是否接近 EF 能力的上限或下限。我们概述了这对于解释 EF 措施的影响。接下来我们认为，孩子对环境的敏感性，以及他们的照顾者调节环境以提高拟合优度的能力，会影响环境对塑造孩子的实际 EF 能力（以日间显示的表现水平）的累积效应。今天的情况），从而促进他们的技能发展。因此，我们建议EF干预措施旨在通过改善儿童的日常环境来提高儿童实际的EF能力，同时帮助儿童调节他们对环境挑战的生理反应，并提供在生态有效的环境中练习EF技能的机会。