Computational modeling enables researchers to study and understand various complex biological phenomena in anticancer drug delivery systems (DDSs), especially nano-sized DDSs (NSDDSs). The combination of NSDDSs and therapeutic ultrasound (TUS), that is, focused ultrasound and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, has made significant progress in recent years, opening many opportunities for cancer treatment. Multiple parameters require tuning and optimization to develop effective DDSs, such as NSDDSs, in which mathematical modeling can prove advantageous. In silico computational modeling of ultrasound-responsive DDS typically involves a complex framework of acoustic interactions, heat transfer, drug release from nanoparticles, fluid flow, mass transport, and pharmacodynamic governing equations. Owing to the rapid development of computational tools, modeling the different phenomena in multi-scale complex problems involved in drug delivery to tumors has become possible. In the present study, we present an in-depth review of recent advances in the mathematical modeling of TUS-mediated DDSs for cancer treatment. A detailed discussion is also provided on applying these computational models to improve the clinical translation for applications in cancer treatment.

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用于癌症治疗的超声介导的纳米药物输送系统：多尺度和多物理计算模型

计算模型使研究人员能够研究和理解抗癌药物输送系统（DDS）中的各种复杂生物现象，特别是纳米级DDS（NSDDS）。NSDDS 与治疗超声（TUS）（即聚焦超声和低强度脉冲超声）的结合近年来取得了重大进展，为癌症治疗带来了许多机会。多个参数需要调整和优化才能开发有效的 DDS，例如 NSDDS，其中数学建模可以证明是有利的。超声响应 DDS 的计算机模拟通常涉及声学相互作用、传热、纳米颗粒药物释放、流体流动、质量传递和药效控制方程的复杂框架。由于计算工具的快速发展，对肿瘤药物输送所涉及的多尺度复杂问题中的不同现象进行建模已成为可能。在本研究中，我们深入回顾了 TUS 介导的 DDS 用于癌症治疗的数学模型的最新进展。还详细讨论了应用这些计算模型来改善癌症治疗应用的临床转化。