Multidrug-resistant pathogens are one of the common causes of death in burn patients and have a high risk of nosocomial infections, especially pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and cellulitis. The role of prolonged hospitalization and empirical antibiotics administration in developing multidrug-resistant pathogens is undeniable. In the early days of admitting burn patients, Gram-positive bacteria were the dominant isolates with a more sensitive antibiotic pattern. However, the emergence of Gram-negative bacteria that are more resistant later occurs. Trustworthy guideline administration in burn wards is one of the strategies to prevent multidrug-resistant pathogens. Also, a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach is an effective way to avoid antibiotic resistance that involves infectious disease specialists, pharmacists, and burn surgeons. However, the emerging resistance to conventional antimicrobial approaches (such as systemic antibiotic exposure, traditional wound dressing, and topical antibiotic ointments) among burn patients has challenged the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections, and using nanoparticles is a suitable alternative. In this review article, we will discuss different aspects of multidrug-resistant pathogens in burn wounds, emphasizing the full role of these pathogens in burn wounds and discussing the application of nanotechnology in dealing with them. Also, some advances in various types of nanomaterials, including metallic nanoparticles, liposomes, hydrogels, carbon quantum dots, and solid lipid nanoparticles in burn wound healing, will be explained.

中文翻译：

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烧伤创面中的多重耐药病原体、预防、诊断和治疗方法（传统抗菌药物和纳米颗粒）

多重耐药病原体是烧伤患者死亡的常见原因之一，并且院内感染的风险很高，尤其是肺炎、尿路感染和蜂窝织炎。长期住院和经验性抗生素使用在产生多重耐药病原体中的作用是不可否认的。在收治烧伤患者的早期，革兰氏阳性菌是主要分离菌，具有更敏感的抗生素模式。然而，后来出现了更具抵抗力的革兰氏阴性细菌。烧伤病房值得信赖的指导性管理是预防多重耐药病原体的策略之一。此外，多学科治疗方法是避免抗生素耐药性的有效方法，涉及传染病专家、药剂师和烧伤外科医生。然而，烧伤患者对传统抗菌方法（例如全身抗生素暴露、传统伤口敷料和外用抗生素软膏）出现的耐药性对多重耐药感染的治疗提出了挑战，而使用纳米颗粒是一种合适的替代方案。在这篇综述文章中，我们将讨论烧伤创面中多重耐药病原体的不同方面，强调这些病原体在烧伤创面中的全部作用，并讨论纳米技术在处理它们方面的应用。此外，还将解释各种类型的纳米材料（包括金属纳米颗粒、脂质体、水凝胶、碳量子点和固体脂质纳米颗粒）在烧伤创面愈合中的一些进展。