The paper provides evidence against the claim that perceptual access is commonly encoded in direct evidentials. While visual, auditory, tactile and olfactory perception are conveyed by direct evidentials in contexts where such interpretations are appropriate, in others it is the speaker’s involvement, affectedness and established beliefs which are conveyed. These may be exclusive to the speaker or shared by the addressee. Instead of information source, it is argued that some direct evidentials encode the speaker’s epistemic authority regarding an event based on their primary relation to the event. Epistemic authority concerns the speaker’s rights over knowledge and is therefore a relational concept that captures some of the dynamics between speech act participants in terms of knowledge representation and attribution. Support for this argument comes from the diachronic development of direct evidentials, the effects of co-distribution between direct evidentials and person marking (egophoricity), and patterns of use. Data comes from the literature on evidentiality and frequently cited languages from Tucanoan and Quechuan languages that feature well-described, rich evidential systems.

中文翻译：

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看见并知道

该论文提供了反驳“感知访问通常被编码在直接证据中”这一说法的证据。虽然视觉、听觉、触觉和嗅觉感知是通过直接证据在适当的解释中传达的，但在其他情况下，传达的是说话者的参与、影响和既定信念。这些可能是演讲者专有的，也可能是收件人共享的。有人认为，一些直接证据不是信息源，而是根据说话者与事件的主要关系对事件的认知权威进行编码。认知权威涉及说话者对知识的权利，因此是一个关系概念，它捕获了言语行为参与者之间在知识表示和归因方面的一些动态。对这一论点的支持来自于直接证据的历时发展、直接证据与人物标记（自我意识）之间共同分布的影响以及使用模式。数据来自关于证据性的文献以及经常被引用的图卡诺语和盖川语语言，这些语言具有描述良好、丰富的证据系统。