This article uses the full sample of the 1851 census enumerators’ books (CEBs) to revisit and reanalyse the well-known phenomenon of female kin servants in the British census. We find that the recording of female kin servants points to three distinct possibilities – day servants, domestic work at relatives’ homes, and work at relatives’ homes as part of the family business unit. Accordingly, we argue that female kin servants offer a rare opportunity to look into the interaction between gendered work, household economy, and market economy, and they should be considered as much in the labour force as classic servants. We further offer tentative methods to revise the number of female domestic servants. Our revision suggests that domestic service probably employed more women than manufacturing activities of all sorts put together. It highlights the limited impacts of industrialization on most women's work experiences as well as traditional sector's importance for women's employment, even as late as the mid-nineteenth century.

中文翻译：

---

十九世纪英格兰和威尔士的女性亲属和家政服务：重温女性亲属仆人

本文使用 1851 年人口普查普查员书籍 (CEB) 的完整样本，重新审视和重新分析英国人口普查中众所周知的女性亲属仆人现象。我们发现，女性亲属仆人的记录表明了三种不同的可能性——日佣、在亲戚家做家务、以及作为家族企业的一部分在亲戚家工作。因此，我们认为，女性亲属仆人提供了一个难得的机会来研究性别工作、家庭经济和市场经济之间的相互作用，她们应该像传统仆人一样被视为劳动力。我们进一步提出了修改女佣人数的试行办法。我们的修订表明，家政服务雇用的女性人数可能比各种制造业雇用的女性人数总和还多。它强调了工业化对大多数妇女工作经历的有限影响以及传统部门对妇女就业的重要性，甚至迟至十九世纪中叶也是如此。