Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) was first diagnosed in cattle in South Africa in 1880 and proclaimed a controlled disease in 1911. Testing of cattle for bTB is voluntary and only outbreaks of disease are reported to the National Department of Agriculture so the prevalence of the disease in cattle is largely unknown. There is a Bovine Tuberculosis Scheme which is aimed at the control of bTB in cattle but the same measures of test and slaughter, and the quarantining of the property apply to wildlife as well. bTB was first diagnosed in wildlife in a greater kudu in the Eastern Cape in 1928 and has to date been found in 24 mammalian wildlife species. The African buffalo has become a maintenance host of the disease, which is considered endemic in the Kruger National Park, the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park and the Madikwe Game Park. Control of bTB at the wildlife-livestock interface is difficult because of spill-over and spill-back between species. Only buffalo are required by law to be tested before translocation, but bTB has been introduced to the Madikwe Game Park probably by the translocation of other infected wildlife species. There is no national control strategy for the control of bTB in wildlife. Indirect tests have been developed to test for bTB in eight species, 6 of which can be considered endangered. More research needs to be done to develop an effective and efficient vaccine to combat the transmission of bTB within and between species. New policies need to be developed that are effective, affordable and encompassing to control the spread of bTB in South Africa.

中文翻译：

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南非牲畜和野生动物种群中牛分枝杆菌控制面临的挑战

牛结核病 (bTB) 于 1880 年首次在南非的牛中被诊断出来，并于 1911 年宣布为受控疾病。对牛进行 bTB 检测是自愿的，只有疾病爆发才会向国家农业部报告，因此该疾病在南非的流行牛在很大程度上是未知的。有一项牛结核病计划，旨在控制牛中的结核病，但相同的测试和屠宰措施以及财产检疫也适用于野生动物。bTB 于 1928 年首次在东开普省的大捻角羚野生动物中被诊断出来，迄今为止已在 24 种哺乳动物野生动物中发现。非洲水牛已成为该疾病的维持宿主，该疾病被认为是克鲁格国家公园、赫卢赫卢韦-伊姆弗洛齐公园和马迪克韦野生动物公园的地方病。由于物种之间的溢出和回流，在野生动物与牲畜交界处控制 bTB 很困难。法律规定，只有水牛在转移前必须接受检测，但 bTB 可能是通过其他受感染野生动物物种的转移而被引入马迪克韦野生动物公园的。目前尚无针对野生动物中 bTB 控制的国家控制战略。已经开发出间接测试来测试八个物种的 bTB，其中 6 个物种可被视为濒临灭绝。需要进行更多研究来开发有效且高效的疫苗来对抗 bTB 在物种内部和物种之间的传播。需要制定有效、负担得起且全面的新政策来控制南非的 bTB 传播。