Black holes play a pivotal role in the foundations of physics, but there is an alarming discrepancy between what is considered to be a black hole in observational astronomy and theoretical studies. Despite claims to the contrary, we argue that identifying the observed astrophysical black hole candidates as genuine black holes is not justified based on the currently available observational data, and elaborate on the necessary evidence required to support such a remarkable claim. In addition, we investigate whether the predictions of semiclassical gravity are equally compatible with competing theoretical models, and find that semiclassical arguments favor horizonless configurations.

黑洞在物理学基础中发挥着关键作用，但观测天文学和理论研究中所认为的黑洞之间存在着令人震惊的差异。尽管有相反的说法，我们认为根据当前可用的观测数据将观测到的天体物理黑洞候选者识别为真正的黑洞是不合理的，并详细阐述了支持这一非凡主张所需的必要证据。此外，我们研究了半经典引力的预测是否与竞争的理论模型同样兼容，并发现半经典论证有利于无地平线配置。