The research on carbon-based nanomaterial (C-NM) composites has increased in the last two decades. This family of functional materials shows outstanding mechanical, thermal and electrical properties, and are being used in a variety of applications. An important challenge remains before C-NM can be fully integrated in our production industries and our lives: to assess the release of debris during production, use, and misuse of composites and the effect they may have on the environment and on human health. During their lifecycle, composites materials can be subjected to a variety of stresses which may release particles from the macroscopic range to the nanoscale. In this review, the release of debris due to abrasion, weathering and combustion as well as their toxicity is evaluated for the three most used C-NM: Carbon Black, Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene-related materials. The goal is to stimulate a Safe-By-Design approach by guiding the selection of carbon nano-fillers for specific applications based of safety and performance.

过去二十年来，对碳基纳米材料（C-NM）复合材料的研究有所增加。该系列功能材料表现出出色的机械、热和电性能，并被用于各种应用。在 C-NM 完全融入我们的生产工业和我们的生活之前，仍然存在一个重要的挑战：评估复合材料生产、使用和滥用过程中碎片的释放及其对环境和人类健康可能产生的影响。在其生命周期中，复合材料可能会受到各种应力，这些应力可能会释放出从宏观范围到纳米尺度的颗粒。在这篇综述中，评估了三种最常用的 C-NM：炭黑、碳纳米管和石墨烯相关材料，由于磨损、风化和燃烧而释放的碎片及其毒性。其目标是通过指导基于安全性和性能的特定应用选择碳纳米填料，从而促进安全设计方法。