Pine sawflies (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) are eruptive herbivores found throughout eastern North America. The Diprionidae family, which contains at least 140 species, constitutes the most persistent threat to conifers as population outbreaks can cause widespread defoliation. Because some species are more prone to large, destructive outbreaks than others, species identification is critical to effective management. Although existing taxonomic keys are primarily based on internal adult morphology, substantial variation among species in larval color traits, geographic location, overwintering strategy, host plant, and egg patterns can be diagnostic at the species level. Here, we focus on the Pinaceae-feeding subfamily Diprioninae, of which there are 25 species in eastern North America. We describe the general biology, life cycle, and host-use ecology of Diprioninae, with an emphasis on the variation among these traits within this subfamily. In addition, we provide tools for species identification, including a taxonomic key that utilizes external diagnostic characteristics. Finally, we discuss available management strategies.

中文翻译：

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北美东部针叶树锯蝇（膜翅目：Diprioninae）的鉴定、生物学和管理

松叶蜂（膜翅目：双翅目）是在北美东部发现的喷发性食草动物。Diprionidae 科包含至少 140 个物种，对针叶树构成最持久的威胁，因为种群爆发可能导致大面积落叶。由于某些物种比其他物种更容易发生大规模破坏性疫情，因此物种鉴定对于有效管理至关重要。尽管现有的分类键主要基于成虫内部形态，但物种之间在幼虫颜色特征、地理位置、越冬策略、寄主植物和卵模式方面的显着差异可以在物种水平上进行诊断。在这里，我们重点关注以松科为食的 Diprioninae 亚科，该亚科在北美东部有 25 个物种。我们描述了一般生物学、生命周期、和 Diprioninae 的宿主利用生态学，重点是该亚科内这些性状的变异。此外，我们还提供物种鉴定工具，包括利用外部诊断特征的分类键。最后，我们讨论可用的管理策略。