This article provides a new perspective on the discussion of heresy from one of the most influential canonical-jurisprudential commentaries of the Middle Ages: Bernard of Parma's Glossa ordinaria to Pope Gregory IX's Decretales (commonly known as the Liber extra). Based on an analysis of Bernard's legal glosses, with special emphasis on his citation of Roman and canon law traditions, I argue that the often-overlooked Glossa ordinaria provides scholars a unique window into medieval conceptions of heresy, jurisprudence, and ecclesiastical-legal practice. This study demonstrates that this important mid-thirteenth-century legal-educational text not only reoriented the canonical definition of heretics toward an emphasis on sects rather than individuals, but, differing from the contemporary, often severe papal and conciliar rulings against heretics, also stressed the centrality of mercy and temperance in how heretics should be treated by the ecclesiastical court. The Glossa ordinaria, as this article discusses, might have served as an intellectual force that could have counter-balanced the overzealousness of emerging inquisitors in an age of intensifying repression of heretics.

中文翻译：

---

“主不希望罪人死亡”：调查教皇格列高利九世关于异端的法令 (1234) 的普通注释精选

本文从中世纪最有影响力的规范法学评论之一：帕尔马的伯纳德的《异端邪说》的讨论中提供了一个新的视角。普通语致教皇格列高利九世法令目（俗称额外自由）。基于对伯纳德法律注释的分析，特别强调他对罗马法和教会法传统的引用，我认为经常被忽视的普通语为学者们提供了了解中世纪异端、法学和教会法律实践概念的独特窗口。这项研究表明，这部重要的十三世纪中叶法律教育文本不仅重新调整了异端的规范定义，强调教派而不是个人，而且与当代通常严厉的教皇和大公会议对异端的裁决不同，它还强调教会法庭如何对待异端，以仁慈和节制为中心。这普通语正如本文所讨论的，它可能作为一种智力力量，可以在一个对异端镇压加剧的时代抵消新兴审判官的过度热心。