Reverse engineering is an activity of innovation based on knowledge and data acquired from the earlier design, which plays a significant role in complex product systems (CoPS) industries. However, no study has yet been conducted on the innovation process based on reverse engineering in these industries. This paper provides a model for this process and addresses hidden and unknown interactions between reverse and forward engineering. We argue how reverse engineering in CoPS projects can lead to the designing and manufacturing of an innovative product. First of all, an analytical framework was developed by reviewing extant literature on reverse engineering and innovation process models. Then, a ten-step process model was developed by a chronological multiple case study of three CoPS in the aviation industry and analyzing reverse and forward engineering in cross-case comparison. The stages of the model included; data evaluation and verification, technical data generation, design verification, design implementation, concept, development, production, utilization, support, and retirement. This model is a complex system of dynamic, iterative, concurrent, recursive, and time-interdependent processes. It is capable of providing a systematic, pragmatic, and detailed framework for better management of the innovation process in CoPS as designed and produced based on reverse engineering.

逆向工程是一种基于从早期设计中获取的知识和数据的创新活动，在复杂产品系统 (CoPS) 行业中发挥着重要作用。然而，目前尚未对这些行业中基于逆向工程的创新过程进行研究。本文提供了这个过程的模型，并解决了逆向工程和正向工程之间隐藏的和未知的相互作用。我们讨论 CoPS 项目中的逆向工程如何导致创新产品的设计和制造。首先，通过回顾有关逆向工程和创新过程模型的现有文献，开发了一个分析框架。然后，通过对航空业三个 CoPS 进行时间顺序的多个案例研究，并在跨案例比较中分析逆向和正向工程，开发了十步流程模型。该模型的阶段包括：数据评估和验证、技术数据生成、设计验证、设计实施、概念、开发、生产、利用、支持和退役。该模型是一个由动态、迭代、并发、递归和时间相互依赖的过程组成的复杂系统。它能够为基于逆向工程设计和生产的CoPS创新过程提供系统、务实、详细的框架，以便更好地管理。设计实施、概念、开发、生产、利用、支持和退役。该模型是一个由动态、迭代、并发、递归和时间相互依赖的过程组成的复杂系统。它能够为基于逆向工程设计和生产的CoPS创新过程提供系统、务实、详细的框架，以便更好地管理。设计实施、概念、开发、生产、利用、支持和退役。该模型是一个由动态、迭代、并发、递归和时间相互依赖的过程组成的复杂系统。它能够为基于逆向工程设计和生产的CoPS创新过程提供系统、务实、详细的框架，以便更好地管理。