This article gives an overview of challenges in primary distribution, protections, and power scalability for shipboard dc systems. Given that dc technology is in development, several aspects of shipboard systems have not yet been sufficiently devised to ensure the protection and efficiency demanded. Several issues in dc systems arise from the lack of complete relevant standardization from different regulation bodies. Unipolar and bipolar bus architectures have application-specific advantages that are discussed and compared. The placement of power electronics in dc systems creates opportunities for switchboard design, and this article compares the centralized and distributed approaches. Likewise, protection architectures for shipboard dc systems have challenges. Breaker-based protection utilizes slow fuses, mechanical circuit breakers, and solid-state circuit breakers. In addition, power-electronics-based protection embeds the protective circuit in the power converters, but its development lags. This article compares the state-of-the-art technologies, reviewing their main features. Finally, the power requirement of various applications and the low production rate of vessels force the designers to utilize commercial off-the-shelf converters to scale up power. The misuse of such converters, the modular topologies, and power electronics building blocks are exposed highlighting challenges and opportunities toward the mass adoption of dc systems onboard maritime vessels.

中文翻译：

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船载直流系统 - 重要概述：一次配电、基于电力电子的保护和功率可扩展性方面的挑战

本文概述了船载直流系统的一次配电、保护和电源可扩展性方面的挑战。鉴于直流技术正在开发中，舰载系统的几个方面尚未得到充分设计以确保所需的保护和效率。直流系统中的一些问题是由于不同监管机构缺乏完整的相关标准化而产生的。单极和双极总线架构具有特定于应用的优势，对此进行了讨论和比较。电力电子器件在直流系统中的放置为配电盘设计创造了机会，本文对集中式和分布式方法进行了比较。同样，船载直流系统的保护架构也面临挑战。基于断路器的保护利用慢熔断器、机械断路器、和固态断路器。此外，基于电力电子的保护将保护电路嵌入功率变换器中，但其发展滞后。本文比较了最先进的技术，回顾了它们的主要特征。最后，各种应用的功率需求和船舶的低生产率迫使设计人员利用商用现成转换器来扩大功率。此类转换器、模块化拓扑和电力电子构建块的滥用被暴露出来，凸显了海上船舶大规模采用直流系统的挑战和机遇。回顾它们的主要特征。最后，各种应用的功率需求和船舶的低生产率迫使设计人员利用商用现成转换器来扩大功率。此类转换器、模块化拓扑和电力电子构建块的滥用被暴露出来，凸显了海上船舶大规模采用直流系统的挑战和机遇。回顾它们的主要特征。最后，各种应用的功率需求和船舶的低生产率迫使设计人员利用商用现成转换器来扩大功率。此类转换器、模块化拓扑和电力电子构建块的滥用被暴露出来，凸显了海上船舶大规模采用直流系统的挑战和机遇。