Parasitoids are among the main natural enemies of crop pests. Copidosoma truncatellum (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a parasitoid of Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae), which is an important pest of soybean, bean, cotton, sunflower, tomato and potato. Copidosoma are parasitoids of lepidopteran egg-larva, especially those of the subfamily Plusiinae. The embryonic development of the Copidosoma parasitoid begins in the lepidopteran egg, and this development extends to the beginning of the host larval stage of the parasitized lepidopteran. However, the rate of parasitism is a complex ecological relationship affected by climatic elements and age of the host. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the ecology and host manipulation exerted by the C. truncatellum parasitoid on C. includens. The research was conducted in bean crops (Phaseolus vulgaris) over 2 years. The highest rates of parasitism were observed in crops in March in both years, when it was observed that about 40% of the individuals of C. includens were parasitized by C. truncatellum. In hot seasons and with less rainfall, parasitism is greater. The age of C. includens eggs (up to 3 days) did not affect C. truncatellum parasitism. The parasitized C. includens egg and caterpillar stages, which had their durations extended, showed the parasitized C. includens caterpillars presented higher leaf consumption. Additionally, this study was conducted in the field, which makes its results representative of natural conditions. Therefore, in warm and dry seasons, more significant parasitism of C. includens by C. truncatellum is expected. Parasitism increases the duration of the stages of lepidopterans and increases food consumption by its larvae.

中文翻译：

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Chrysodeixis includens（鳞翅目：夜蛾科）卵幼虫寄生蜂的生态学和宿主操纵

寄生蜂是农作物害虫的主要天敌之一。Copidosoma truncatellum （膜翅目：Encyrtidae）是Chrysodeixis includens （Walker）（鳞翅目：Noctuidae：Plusiinae）的寄生蜂，是大豆、蚕豆、棉花、向日葵、番茄和马铃薯的重要害虫。瓢虫是鳞翅目卵幼虫的寄生蜂，尤其是Plusiinae亚科的寄生蜂。寄生蜂的胚胎发育始于鳞翅目卵，并且这种发育延伸至被寄生的鳞翅目寄主幼虫阶段的开始。然而，寄生率是一个复杂的生态关系，受气候因素和寄主年龄的影响。因此，本研究旨在研究C. truncatellum寄生蜂对C. includens的生态学和宿主操纵。该研究针对豆类作物（Phaseolus vulgaris）进行了两年多的时间。两年来，农作物中寄生率最高的月份是 3 月份，据观察，大约 40% 的C. includens个体被C. truncatellum寄生。在炎热季节和降雨量较少的情况下，寄生现象更加严重。C. includens卵的年龄（最长 3 天）不影响C. truncatellum 的寄生。被寄生的C. includens卵和毛虫阶段的持续时间延长，表明被寄生的C. includens毛虫呈现出更高的叶子消耗量。此外，这项研究是在实地进行的，这使得其结果能够代表自然条件。因此，在温暖和干燥的季节，预计C. truncatellum对C. includens的寄生会更加显着。寄生增加了鳞翅目昆虫阶段的持续时间并增加了其幼虫的食物消耗。