Protein phosphorylation is a universal mechanism regulating a wide range of cellular responses across all domains of life. The antagonistic activities of kinases and phosphatases can orchestrate the life cycle of an organism. The availability of bacterial genome sequences, particularly Bacillus species, followed by proteomics and functional studies have aided in the identification of putative protein kinases and protein phosphatases, and their downstream substrates. Several studies have established the role of phosphorylation in different physiological states of Bacillus species as they pass through various life stages such as sporulation, germination, and biofilm formation. The most common phosphorylation sites in Bacillus proteins are histidine, aspartate, tyrosine, serine, threonine, and arginine residues. Protein phosphorylation can alter protein activity, structural conformational and protein-protein interactions, ultimately affecting the downstream pathways. In this review, we summarize the knowledge available in the field of Bacillus signaling, with a focus on the role of protein phosphorylation in its physiological processes.

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发出信号：蛋白质磷酸化如何帮助芽孢杆菌度过不同的生命阶段

蛋白质磷酸化是调节生命各个领域的广泛细胞反应的通用机制。激酶和磷酸酶的拮抗活性可以协调生物体的生命周期。细菌基因组序列，特别是芽孢杆菌属物种的可用性，以及随后的蛋白质组学和功能研究有助于识别假定的蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶及其下游底物。多项研究已经确定了芽孢杆菌在经历孢子形成、发芽和生物膜形成等不同生命阶段时磷酸化在不同生理状态中的作用。芽孢杆菌蛋白中最常见的磷酸化位点是组氨酸、天冬氨酸、酪氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸和精氨酸残基。蛋白质磷酸化可以改变蛋白质活性、结构构象和蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用，最终影响下游途径。在这篇综述中，我们总结了芽孢杆菌信号传导领域的现有知识，重点关注蛋白质磷酸化在其生理过程中的作用。