The application of plant tissue culture protocols for aquatic plants has been widely adopted in recent years to produce cost-effective plants for aquarium industry. In vitro regeneration protocol for the two different hydrophytes Hemianthus callitrichoides (Cuba) and Riccia fluitans were optimized for appropriate basal medium, sucrose, agar, and plant growth regulator concentration. The MS No:3B and SH + MSVit basal medium yielded a maximum clump diameter of 5.53 cm for H. callitrichoides and 3.65 cm for R. fluitans. The application of 20 g/L sucrose was found appropriate for yielding larger clumps in both species. Solidification of the medium with 1 g/L agar was optimized for inducing larger clumps with rooting for both species. Provision of basal medium with any concentration of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was found detrimental for inducing larger clumps for both species. The largest clumps of H. callitrichoides (5.51 cm) and R. fluitans (4.59 cm) were obtained on basal medium without any plant growth regulators. The attained data was also predicted and validated by employing multilayer perceptron (MLP), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithms. The performance of the models was tested with three different performance metrics, namely, coefficient of regression (R²), means square error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). Results revealed that MLP and RF models performed better than the XGBoost model. The protocols developed in this study have shown promising outcomes and the findings can irrefutably assist to produce H. callitrichoides and R. fluitans on a large scale for the local aquarium industry.

Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

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用于预测和验证两种水生植物（Hemianthus callitrichoides 和 Riccia Fluitans）体外器官发生的人工神经网络和基于决策树的模型

近年来，水生植物植物组织培养方案的应用已被广泛采用，为水族箱行业生产具有成本效益的植物。针对适当的基础培养基、蔗糖、琼脂和植物生长调节剂浓度，对两种不同水生植物Hemianthus callitrichoides（古巴）和Riccia Fluitans 的体外再生方案进行了优化。MS No:3B 和 SH + MSVit 基础培养基产生的H. callitrichoides的最大团块直径为 5.53 cm， R. Fluitans 的最大团块直径为 3.65 cm。发现施用 20 g/L 蔗糖适合在两个物种中产生更大的团块。对含 1 g/L 琼脂的培养基的固化进行了优化，以诱导两个物种生根的更大团块。发现提供任何浓度的 6-苄氨基嘌呤 (BAP) 和 α-萘乙酸 (NAA) 的基础培养基都不利于诱导这两个物种产生更大的团块。最大的H. callitrichoides (5.51 cm) 和R. Fluitans丛(4.59 cm)是在不含任何植物生长调节剂的基础培养基上获得的。还通过采用多层感知器 (MLP)、随机森林 (RF) 和极限梯度增强 (XGBoost) 算法来预测和验证获得的数据。使用三种不同的性能指标测试模型的性能，即回归系数 ( R ² )、均方误差 (MSE) 和平均绝对误差 (MAE)。结果表明，MLP 和 RF 模型的性能优于 XGBoost 模型。本研究中开发的方案显示出有希望的结果，并且研究结果无可辩驳地有助于为当地水族馆业大规模生产H. callitrichoides和R. Fluitans 。

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