Biomaterials capable of managing wounds should have essential features like providing a natural microenvironment for wound healing and as support material for stimulating tissue growth. Eggshell membrane (ESM) is a highly produced global waste due to increased egg consumption. The unique and fascinating properties of ESM allow their potential application in tissue regeneration. The wound healing capacity of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), ESM, and their combination in rabbits with full-thickness skin defect (2 × 2 cm²) was evaluated. Twenty-five clinically healthy New Zealand White rabbits were divided into five groups of five animals each, with group A receiving no treatment (control group), group B receiving only fibrin glue (FG), group C receiving FG and ESM as a dressing, group D receiving FG and BM-MSCs, and group E receiving a combination of FG, ESM, and BM-MSCs. Wound healing was assessed using clinical, macroscopical, photographic, histological, histochemical, hematological, and biochemical analysis. Macroscopic examination of wounds revealed that healing was exceptional in group E, followed by groups D and C, compared to the control group. Histopathological findings revealed improved quality and a faster rate of healing in group E compared to groups A and B. In addition, healing in group B treated with topical FG alone was nearly identical to that in control group A. However, groups C and D showed improved and faster recovery than control groups A and B. The macroscopic, photographic, histological, and histochemical evaluations revealed that the combined use of BM-MSCs, ESM, and FG had superior and faster healing than the other groups.

Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

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蛋壳膜骨髓间充质干细胞对兔模型全层伤口愈合的评价

能够处理伤口的生物材料应该具有基本特征，例如为伤口愈合提供自然微环境以及作为刺激组织生长的支撑材料。由于鸡蛋消费量的增加，蛋壳膜（ESM）是一种大量产生的全球废物。ESM 独特而迷人的特性使其在组织再生方面具有潜在的应用前景。评估骨髓间充质干细胞（BM-MSCs）、ESM及其组合在全层皮肤缺损（2×2cm ^{2 ）兔中的伤口愈合能力。}将25只临床健康的新西兰白兔分为5组，每组5只动物，A组不接受治疗（对照组），B组仅接受纤维蛋白胶（FG），C组接受FG和ESM作为敷料， D组接受FG和BM-MSC，E组接受FG、ESM和BM-MSC的组合。使用临床、宏观、照相、组织学、组织化学、血液学和生化分析来评估伤口愈合。伤口的宏观检查显示，与对照组相比，E 组愈合情况良好，其次是 D 组和 C 组。组织病理学结果显示，与 A 组和 B 组相比，E 组的质量得到改善，愈合速度更快。此外，单独使用局部 FG 治疗的 B 组的愈合情况与对照组 A 几乎相同。然而，C 组和 D 组显示宏观、摄影、组织学和组织化学评估显示，联合使用 BM-MSC、ESM 和 FG 比其他组具有更好和更快的愈合效果。

图形概要