In the world Englishes literature, ‘indigenization’ is shorthand for the localization of Outer Circle Englishes in former exploitation colonies like Ghana. However, the localization of Ghanaian English has been continually reversed by ‘corrective’ realignment with world standard English through institutional regimes. By contrast, the localization of Ghanaian Pidgin English has proceeded unhampered by standardization. This article provides a first analysis of the copula system of Ghanaian Pidgin English, showing that it owes much to patterns found in Akan and other languages of southern Ghana. In this domain, Ghanaian Pidgin English has indigenized and differentiated itself from its sister languages. I propose a consistent and expansive definition of indigenization as ‘the areal alignment of a latecomer with a linguistic ecology, causing its divergence from related varieties elsewhere.’ This study of indigenization shifts the focus from standardized Englishes to contact Englishes. The latter remain unfettered by institutional intervention and are therefore better suited to illustrating the natural dynamics of indigenization than standardized Englishes.

中文翻译：

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加纳洋泾浜英语的本土化

在世界英语文学中，“本土化”是外圈英语在加纳等前剥削殖民地本土化的简写。然而，加纳英语的本土化不断被体制机制与世界标准英语的“纠正”调整所逆转。相比之下，加纳洋泾浜英语的本地化进展顺利，没有受到标准化的阻碍。本文对加纳洋泾浜英语的系动词系统进行了首次分析，表明它很大程度上归功于阿坎语和加纳南部其他语言中发现的模式。在这个领域，加纳洋泾浜英语已经本土化，并与其姐妹语言区分开来。我对本土化提出了一个一致且广泛的定义，即“后来者与语言生态的区域结合，导致其与其他地方的相关品种的分歧”。这项本土化研究将焦点从标准化英语转移到接触英语。后者不受制度干预的约束，因此比标准化英语更适合说明本土化的自然动力。