Abstract

This paper explores the way arbitration approaches developed through the first four stages of rule development, focusing in turn on the ways the popularity of wagering first created more need for formally signed ‘articles of agreement’ for each match, and then the inclusion of arbitration and judgement methods in the emerging early forms of rules. It then shows the way various official roles evolved over time alongside broader rule developments: the need for ‘umpires’ in cricket, pugilism, and some other sports; the role of ‘tryers’, ‘judges’ and ‘stewards’ in horse racing; arbitration through expertise, experience, and status in cockfighting; and the rare attempts to take appeals beyond the immediate game. It then explores how these official roles developed from the early nineteenth century onwards, as national organizations grew in power, and how a new role, the neutral ‘referee’, was created to arrive at a solution when umpires or others disagreed. Changes in later nineteenth-century rugby and soccer illustrate the way the then new forms of football followed earlier processes in moving towards more neutral forms of arbitration.

摘要

本文探讨了仲裁方法在规则发展的前四个阶段中的发展方式，重点关注投注的普及首先产生了对每场比赛正式签署“协议条款”的更多需求，然后将仲裁和仲裁纳入其中。新兴规则的早期形式中的判断方法。然后，它展示了各种官方角色随着时间的推移以及更广泛的规则发展而演变的方式：板球、拳击和其他一些运动中对“裁判员”的需求；赛马中“试赛员”、“裁判员”和“管家”的角色；通过斗鸡专业知识、经验和地位进行仲裁；以及罕见的尝试在直接比赛之外提出上诉。然后，它探讨了从 19 世纪初开始，随着国家组织权力的增强，这些官方角色是如何发展的。以及如何创建一个新角色，即中立的“裁判员”，以便在裁判员或其他人不同意时找到解决方案。十九世纪后期橄榄球和足球的变化说明了当时新形式的足球是如何遵循早期过程而转向更中立的仲裁形式的。