Groundwater deterioration due to enrichment with contaminants of either geogenic or anthropogenic origin has adversely affected safe water supply for drinking and irrigation, with pervasive impacts on human health and ecosystem functions. However, the spatiotemporal evolution and public health effects of groundwater quality remain unclarified, posing a grand challenge for the safe and sustainable supply of global groundwater resources. This article provides a state-of-the-art review of the complexity and dynamics of groundwater quality, as well as the impacts of various groundwater substances on human health. In particular, knowledge is growing about the health impacts of key substances ranging from nutritional elements (e.g., Ca2+, Mg2+) to pollutants (e.g., heavy metals/metalloids, persistent organic pollutants, and emerging contaminants) and, further, to pathogenic microorganisms to which the human body can be exposed through multiple patterns of groundwater use. Proliferating concerns at the same time call for enhancing science-based governance directives, economic policies, and management strategies coordinating groundwater quality. We propose that safeguarding groundwater-dependent public health needs concerted efforts in source control, cross-scale rehabilitation, and social hydrology-based groundwater governance.

中文翻译：

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地下水质量与公共卫生

由于地源或人为污染物富集而导致地下水恶化，对饮用水和灌溉的安全供水产生了不利影响，对人类健康和生态系统功能产生了普遍影响。然而，地下水质量的时空演变和公众健康影响仍不清楚，对全球地下水资源的安全和可持续供应提出了巨大挑战。本文对地下水质量的复杂性和动态性以及各种地下水物质对人类健康的影响进行了最新的综述。特别是，人们对营养元素（例如钙）等关键物质对健康影响的认识不断增长。2+, 镁2+）污染物（例如，重金属/类金属、持久性有机污染物和新出现的污染物），此外，还包括人体通过多种地下水使用模式可能接触到的病原微生物。与此同时，日益增多的担忧要求加强以科学为基础的治理指令、经济政策和协调地下水质量的管理战略。我们建议，保障依赖地下水的公共卫生需要在源头控制、跨尺度恢复和基于社会水文学的地下水治理方面共同努力。