Biomineralisation is the process by which living organisms produce hard structures such as shells and bone. There are multiple independent origins of biomineralised skeletons across the tree of life. This review gives a glimpse into the diversity of spiralian biominerals and what they can teach us about the evolution of novelty. It discusses different levels of biological organisation that may be informative to understand the evolution of biomineralisation and considers the relationship between skeletal and non-skeletal biominerals. More specifically, this review explores if cell type and gene regulatory network approaches could enhance our understanding of the evolutionary origins of biomineralisation.

中文翻译：

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螺旋生物矿化进化中的细胞类型和基因调控网络方法

生物矿化是生物体产生硬结构（如贝壳和骨骼）的过程。生命之树上的生物矿化骨骼有多个独立的起源。这篇综述让我们了解了螺旋生物矿物质的多样性，以及它们可以告诉我们关于新奇事物进化的知识。它讨论了不同层次的生物组织，这些组织可能有助于了解生物矿化的演变，并考虑骨骼和非骨骼生物矿物质之间的关系。更具体地说，这篇综述探讨了细胞类型和基因调控网络方法是否可以增强我们对生物矿化进化起源的理解。