Interspersed repetitions called transposable elements (TEs), commonly referred to as mobile elements, make up a significant portion of the genomes of higher animals. TEs contribute in controlling the expression of genes locally and even far away at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, which is one of their significant functional effects on gene function and genome evolution. There are different mechanisms through which TEs control the expression of genes. First, TEs offer cis-regulatory regions in the genome with their inherent regulatory features for their own expression, making them potential factors for controlling the expression of the host genes. Promoter and enhancer elements contain cis-regulatory sites generated from TE, which function as binding sites for a variety of trans-acting factors. Second, a significant portion of miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to have TEs that encode for regulatory RNAs, revealing the TE origin of these RNAs. Furthermore, it was shown that TE sequences are essential for these RNAs' regulatory actions, which include binding to the target mRNA. By being a member of cis-regulatory and regulatory RNA sequences, TEs therefore play essential regulatory roles. Additionally, it has been suggested that TE-derived regulatory RNAs and cis-regulatory regions both contribute to the evolutionary novelty of gene regulation. Additionally, these regulatory systems arising from TE frequently have tissue-specific functions. The objective of this review is to discuss TE-mediated gene regulation, with a particular emphasis on the processes, contributions of various TE types, differential roles of various tissue types, based mostly on recent studies on humans.

中文翻译：

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转座元件作为基因表达控制的基本元件

称为转座元件（TE）的散布重复，通常称为移动元件，构成了高等动物基因组的重要部分。TE有助于在转录和转录后水平上局部甚至远距离控制基因的表达，这是它们对基因功能和基因组进化的重要功能影响之一。TE 通过不同的机制控制基因的表达。首先，TE在基因组中提供顺式调控区域，具有其自身表达的固有调控特征，使它们成为控制宿主基因表达的潜在因素。启动子和增强子元件含有 TE 产生的顺式调控位点，其作为多种反式作用因子的结合位点。其次，很大一部分 miRNA 和长链非编码 RNA (lncRNA) 已被证明具有编码调节 RNA 的 TE，揭示了这些 RNA 的 TE 起源。此外，研究表明 TE 序列对于这些 RNA 的调节作用至关重要，其中包括与靶 mRNA 的结合。作为顺式调节和调节 RNA 序列的成员，TE 因此发挥着重要的调节作用。此外，有人认为，TE 衍生的调控 RNA 和顺式调控区域都有助于基因调控的进化新颖性。此外，这些由 TE 产生的调节系统通常具有组织特异性功能。本综述的目的是讨论 TE 介导的基因调控，特别强调各种 TE 类型的过程、贡献以及各种组织类型的不同作用，主要基于最近对人类的研究。