Background

Bacterial ghosts (BGs) are empty cell envelopes derived from bacteria, making them safe and non-replicative, and BGs have shown great potential as a vaccine platform. Specifically, chemically induced BGs are generated by selectively removing the cytoplasmic content of bacterial cells while preserving the structural integrity of the cell envelope.

Objective

Generally, BGs are genetically engineered, but this is limited to Gram-negative bacteria. However, the utilization of chemically induced BGs can be extended to Gram-positive bacteria, resulting in empty bacterial envelopes that hold potential as a platform for drug delivery.

Results

Chemically induced BGs offer several advantages, including improved safety profile and immunogenicity, and efficient antigen presentation. Preclinical studies have yielded promising results, exhibiting enhanced immune responses and protection against diverse pathogens.

Conclusion

Chemically induced BGs represent a novel and promising approach for vaccine development, holding the potential for advancing disease prevention and public health.

Purpose of review

In this review, we discuss key aspects of chemically induced BGs, including their production principles, mechanisms of formation, characterization techniques, immunogenicity, and medical applications. We also discuss the challenges and direction of future research for optimizing production methods for chemically induced BGs, evaluating long-term safety, and undertaking clinical trials to assess their efficacy.

中文翻译：

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化学诱导细菌幽灵：推进生物医学应用的新方法

背景

细菌菌影 (BG) 是源自细菌的空细胞包膜，使其安全且不可复制，并且 BG 作为疫苗平台显示出巨大的潜力。具体来说，化学诱导的 BG 是通过选择性去除细菌细胞的细胞质内容物同时保留细胞包膜的结构完整性而产生的。

客观的

一般来说，BG 是经过基因工程改造的，但这仅限于革兰氏阴性细菌。然而，化学诱导 BG 的利用可以扩展到革兰氏阳性细菌，产生空的细菌包膜，具有作为药物输送平台的潜力。

结果

化学诱导的 BG 具有多种优点，包括改进的安全性和免疫原性以及有效的抗原呈递。临床前研究已经取得了有希望的结果，显示出增强的免疫反应和对多种病原体的保护。

结论

化学诱导的 BG 代表了一种新颖且有前途的疫苗开发方法，具有推进疾病预防和公共卫生的潜力。

审查目的

在这篇综述中，我们讨论了化学诱导 BG 的关键方面，包括其生产原理、形成机制、表征技术、免疫原性和医学应用。我们还讨论了未来研究的挑战和方向，包括优化化学诱导 BG 的生产方法、评估长期安全性以及进行临床试验来评估其功效。