Living viruses characterized by distinctive biological functions including specific targeting, gene invasion, immune modulation, and so forth have been receiving intensive attention from researchers worldwide owing to their promising potential for producing numerous theranostic modalities against diverse pathological conditions. Nevertheless, concerns during applications, such as rapid immune clearance, altering immune activation modes, insufficient gene transduction efficiency, and so forth, highlight the crucial issues of excessive therapeutic doses and the associated biosafety risks. To address these concerns, synthetic nanomaterials featuring unique physical/chemical properties are frequently exploited as efficient drug delivery vehicles or treatments in biomedical domains. By constant endeavor, researchers nowadays can create adaptable living virus-based nanohybrids (LVN) that not only overcome the limitations of virotherapy, but also combine the benefits of natural substances and nanotechnology to produce novel and promising therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In this review, we discuss the fundamental physiochemical properties of the viruses, and briefly outline the basic construction methodologies of LVN. We then emphasize their distinct diagnostic and therapeutic performances for various diseases. Furthermore, we survey the foreseeable challenges and future perspectives in this interdisciplinary area to offer insights.

中文翻译：

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用于生物医学应用的基于活病毒的纳米杂交体

活病毒具有独特的生物学功能，包括特异性靶向、基因入侵、免疫调节等，因其在针对不同病理条件下产生多种治疗诊断方式的巨大潜力而​​受到全世界研究人员的密切关注。然而，应用过程中出现的快速免疫清除、改变免疫激活模式、基因转导效率不足等问题凸显了治疗剂量过高和相关生物安全风险的关键问题。为了解决这些问题，具有独特物理/化学性质的合成纳米材料经常被用作生物医学领域的有效药物输送载体或治疗方法。通过不断的努力，如今的研究人员可以创造出适应性强的基于活病毒的纳米杂交体（LVN），它不仅克服了病毒疗法的局限性，而且结合了天然物质和纳米技术的优点，生产出新颖且有前途的治疗和诊断剂。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了病毒的基本理化特性，并简要概述了 LVN 的基本构建方法。然后我们强调它们对各种疾病的独特诊断和治疗性能。此外，我们调查了这个跨学科领域可预见的挑战和未来前景，以提供见解。