Background: AOS enzymes can be biochemical indicators of abnormal xylogenesis in Scots pine, and this mechanism has similar features with the metabolic base of abnormal xylogenesis in Karelian birch. Objective: AOS enzymes’ activity in 150-300-year-old Pinus sylvestris L. wood with straight-- grained wood and right-twisted spiral-grained wood, expressed in varying degrees (5-20 angle), grew in three sample plots in lingonberry and blueberry pine forest stands of different ages (100-300 years) in the middle taiga subzone in the Republic of Karelia. Method: Plant tissues were ground in liquid nitrogen in a uniform mass and homogenized at 4°C in the buffer containing 50 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 3 mM DTT, 5 mM MgCl2 and 0.5 mM PMSF. After 20 min extraction, the homogenate was centrifuged at 10000 g for 20 min (MPW-351R, Poland). The sediment was washed in the buffer thrice. The pooled supernatant and sediment were dialyzed at 4°C for 18-20 h against a tenfold diluted homogenization buffer. The enzymes' activity was determined spectrophotometrically (Spectrophotometer SF-2000, OKB Spectr, Russia). Proteins in the extracts were quantified by the method of Bradford. Results: The study showed that the activity of SS, ApInv, CAT, POD and PPO in xylem and PPO in phloem were biochemical indicators for abnormal wood of P. sylvestris. We noticed an increase in sucrose metabolism in the apoplast and the activity of POD and PPO under spiral-grain wood formation like under figured wood formation earlier. We assume that the alternative pathway of sucrose metabolism (an indicator of abnormal xylogenesis in B. pendula var. carelica plants) that lead to restructuring of AOS enzymes have the same biochemical regularities in the spiral-grain wood formation in P. sylvestris. Conclusion: The study showed that the differences in the AOS enzyme's activity in P. sylvestris during the formation of straight-grained and spiral-grained wood were revealed for the first time. The increased CAT, POD and PPO activities in xylem with a decrease in SS and an increase in Ap- Inv during spiral-grained wood formation can be biochemical markers of these structural anomalies. Metabolic regularities found in the AOS enzyme complex during spiral-grained wood formation do not contradict those found earlier during figured wood formation in B. pendula var. carelica. The identified patterns can form the base for diagnostics of P. sylvestris wood quality in forest seed plantations and in their natural growth, which is necessary both for fundamental science and in various industry areas while high-quality material harvesting.

中文翻译：

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欧洲赤松 (Pinus Sylvestris L.) 木材中螺旋晶粒形成的生化方面。与卡累利阿桦木（Betula Pendula Roth Var. Carelica (Mercl.) Hämet-Ahti）异常木质生成生化指标的一些异同

背景：AOS酶可以作为樟子松木质生成异常的生化指标，其机制与卡累利阿桦木质生成异常的代谢基础具有相似特征。【摘要】：目的研究150-300年树龄樟子松直纹木和右旋螺旋纹木的AOS酶活性,在3个样地中以不同程度(5-20°)表现。卡累利阿共和国中部针叶林亚带不同树龄（100-300 年）的越橘和蓝莓松林中。方法：将植物组织在液氮中研磨成均匀块，并在 4°C 下在含有 50 mM HEPES (pH 7.5)、1 mM EDTA、1 mM EGTA、3 mM DTT、5 mM MgCl2 和 0.5 mM PMSF 的缓冲液中均质化。提取 20 分钟后，将匀浆在 10000 g 下离心 20 分钟（MPW-351R，波兰）。将沉淀物在缓冲液中洗涤三次。将合并的上清液和沉淀物在 4°C 下用十倍稀释的匀浆缓冲液透析 18-20 小时。通过分光光度法测定酶的活性（分光光度计 SF-2000，OKB Spectr，俄罗斯）。提取物中的蛋白质通过布拉德福德方法定量。结果：研究表明，木质部SS、ApInv、CAT、POD、PPO活性和韧皮部PPO活性是樟子松异常材的生化指标。我们注意到，在螺旋纹木材形成过程中，质外体中的蔗糖代谢以及 POD 和 PPO 活性增加，就像之前在花纹木材形成过程中一样。我们假设导致 AOS 酶重组的蔗糖代谢替代途径（B. pendula var. carelica 植物中异常木质生成的指标）在樟子松的螺旋纹木材形成中具有相同的生化规律。结论：本研究首次揭示了樟子松在直纹和螺旋纹木材形成过程中AOS酶活性的差异。在螺旋纹木材形成过程中，木质部中 CAT、POD 和 PPO 活性的增加以及 SS 的减少和 Ap-Inv 的增加可能是这些结构异常的生化标志。在螺旋纹木材形成过程中，AOS 酶复合物中发现的代谢规律与 B. pendula var. 的花纹木材形成过程中早期发现的代谢规律并不矛盾。卡雷利卡。所识别的模式可以为森林种子种植园及其自然生长中的樟子松木材质量的诊断奠定基础，这对于基础科学和各个工业领域以及高质量材料采伐都是必要的。