Reviewed by:

• The Rural World in the Sixteenth Century: Exploring the Archaeology of Innovation in Europe ed. by Idoia Grau Sologestoa and Umberto Albarella
• Susan Broomhall

This collection emerges from the earlier work of both editors on archaeological approaches to the early modern rural world. Here, Idoia Grau Sologestoa and Umberto Albarella argue for the need for further study of the long sixteenth century, in particular. They note how this period is often termed by archaeologists as the ‘early post-medieval’, a terminology that does not encourage consideration of its own transformations, or recognition of continuities. This is a period that they suggest has also not been a focus of attention in part for practical reasons, because many sites of sixteenth-century activities are now covered by urban development, are still occupied, or have become afforested. This collection seeks to begin this conversation by gathering together a range of archaeologists and diverse archaeological approaches to consider agricultural and land use developments in regional studies across Europe.

The collection comprises archaeological studies and its approaches, although a number are complemented by familiar sources of historical study, such as archives, legal texts, chronicles, and observer accounts for their determinations of contemporary land usage. This is directed to particularly valuable effect in the chapter ‘Landscape and Settlement Evolution during the Sixteenth Century: A Multidisciplinary Study of Two Mountain Areas (Eastern France)’ by Valentin Chevassu, Emilie Gauthier, Pierre Nouvel, Vincent Bichet, Hervé Richard, and Isabelle Jouffroy-Bapicot that documents the intensification of exploitation of the French region of the Jura Mountains, for iron and glass production through to firewood exported to nearby towns.

Other chapters utilise a wide range of contemporary archaeological techniques such as archaeometallurgy, pollen counts, LiDAR site assessment, zooarchaeology of animal bones and teeth analysis, and plant morphology. These are used in fascinating studies in the final section on technological changes, where Catarina Karlsson (‘Iron and Steel Implements: Increased Diversification during the Early Modern Era in Sweden’) employs experimental archaeology to determine metal farm tool wear and tear. Riina Rammo’s chapter ‘Changes in Rural Textile Craft during the Sixteenth–Seventeenth Centuries in the Eastern Baltic Region (Estonian Example)’, mostly considering extant clothing and textiles, also studies [End Page 263] an impression of weaving on the skin of a female body found in an Estonian peat bog, where the original plant fibres have long since disintegrated.

Collectively, the papers certainly demonstrate the dynamism of the sixteenth century. Transitions in land usage are well documented across the studies, with a marked increase in evacuation of villages leading to new manorial practices in southern Bohemia, in part a result of fewer peasant tenant fees available to landholders, as Ladislav Čapek argues in ‘Changes in Rural Milieu and Land Use on Estates in Southern Bohemia during the Sixteenth Century’. However, economic forces worked hand in hand with other factors, including cultural developments. Many aristocratic holdings were enclosed to embrace popular hunting practices. Slow change, by contrast, is the key narrative of Jana Mazáčková and Petr Žaža’s chapter ‘Impact of Subsistence on Medieval and Early Modern Land Use in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands’, looking at settlement patterns through identification of deserted villages in the Bohemia-Moravian highlands and analysis of their economic hinterlands.

The following section explores developments in agriculture and animal husbandry. Tamsyn Fraser employs animal bones of livestock to analyse patterns of livestock ‘improvement’ in urban and regional areas and in relation to changes wrought by enclosure, in ‘Livestock Improvement and Landscape Enclosure in Late and Post-Medieval Buckinghamshire, England’. Zooarchaeological evidence is also the source for the editors’ contribution, examining biometric data for principal domestic animals in regions of England and the Basque country in ‘Improvements in Animal Husbandry between the end of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Era in England and the Basque Country: A Zooarchaeological Comparison)’. Both studies suggest that key...

审阅者：

• 十六世纪的乡村世界：探索欧洲的创新考古学编辑。作者：Idoia Grau Sologestoa 和 Umberto Albarella
• 苏珊布鲁姆霍尔

这本合集源自两位编辑早期关于早期现代农村世界的考古方法的著作。在此，Idoia Grau Sologestoa 和 Umberto Albarella 认为有必要进一步研究漫长的 16 世纪。他们指出，考古学家经常将这一时期称为“中世纪早期”，这一术语不鼓励考虑其自身的转变或承认连续性。他们认为这一时期也没有成为关注的焦点，部分原因是出于实际原因，因为许多十六世纪的活动地点现在都被城市发展所覆盖，仍然被占用，或者已经被绿化。

该收藏包括考古研究及其方法，尽管其中一些还得到了熟悉的历史研究来源的补充，例如档案、法律文本、编年史和对当代土地使用的决定的观察者记录。这在 Valentin Chevassu、Emilie Gauthier、Pierre Nouvel、Vincent Bichet、Hervé Richard 和 Isabelle 的“16 世纪景观和聚落演变：两个山区（法国东部）的多学科研究”一章中产生了特别有价值的效果Jouffroy-Bapicot 记录了法国汝拉山脉地区的强化开采，从铁和玻璃生产到向附近城镇出口木柴。

其他章节利用了广泛的当代考古技术，例如考古冶金学、花粉计数、激光雷达现场评估、动物骨骼和牙齿分析的动物考古学以及植物形态学。这些在关于技术变革的最后部分的有趣研究中得到了应用，Catarina Karlsson（“钢铁工具：瑞典近代早期的多样化增加”）采用实验考古学来确定金属农具的磨损情况。Riina Rammo 的章节“东波罗的海地区十六至十七世纪农村纺织工艺的变化（爱沙尼亚例子）”主要考虑了现存的服装和纺织品，也进行了研究[第 263 页完]爱沙尼亚泥炭沼泽中发现的女性身体皮肤上的编织痕迹，其中原始的植物纤维早已分解。

总的来说，这些论文无疑展示了十六世纪的活力。土地使用的转变在各项研究中得到了充分记录，波希米亚南部村庄的疏散显着增加，导致了新的庄园做法，部分原因是土地所有者可获得的农民佃费减少，正如拉迪斯拉夫·恰佩克 (Ladislav Čapek) 在《农村的变化》中所指出的那样。十六世纪南波西米亚庄园的环境和土地利用”。然而，经济力量与包括文化发展在内的其他因素共同作用。许多贵族领地都被封闭起来，以适应流行的狩猎活动。相比之下，缓慢的变化是 Jana Mazáčková 和 Petr Žaža 的章节“波西米亚-摩拉维亚高地中世纪和早期现代土地利用的生存影响”的关键叙述，

以下部分探讨了农业和畜牧业的发展。Tamsyn Fraser 在“英国中世纪晚期和后中世纪白金汉郡的牲畜改良和景观圈地”中，利用牲畜的动物骨骼来分析城市和地区的牲畜“改良”模式以及圈地带来的变化。动物考古学证据也是编辑贡献的来源，在“英格兰和巴斯克中世纪末和现代早期畜牧业的改进”中检查了英格兰和巴斯克地区主要家畜的生物特征数据国家：动物考古学比较）'。这两项研究都表明关键...