ABSTRACT

Aim

The current study aimed to test the hypothesis that Parkinson’s disease exacerbates periodontitis by altering its microbiome.

Materials and Methods

Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded. Subgingival samples from healthy controls, periodontitis patients (PD), and Parkinson’s patients with periodontitis (PA+PD) were analyzed using the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique for targeting 40 bacterial species typically associated with periodontal disease and health. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (V1-V3 regions) was performed to analyze the microbiome comprehensively.

Results

Parkinson’s patients had mild-to-moderate motor dysfunctions. Bleeding on probing was significantly increased in the PA+PD group compared to PD (p < 0.05). With checkerboard analysis, PA was associated with increased Treponema socranskii (p = 0.0062), Peptostreptococcaceae_[G-6] [Eubacterium]_nodatum (p = 0.0439), Parvimona micra (p < 0.0001), Prevotella melaninogenica (p = 0.0002), Lachnoanaerobaculum saburreum (p < 0.0001), and Streptococcus anginosus (p = 0.0020). Streptococcus intermedia (p = 0.0042), P.nodatum (p = 0.0022), P. micra (p = 0.0002), Treponema denticola (p = 0.0045), L.saburreum (p = 0.0267), P.melaninogenica (p = 0.0017), Campylobacter rectus (p = 0.0020), and T.socranskii (p = 0.0002) were higher; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (p = 0.0072) was lower in deep pockets in the PA+PD compared to PD. Schaalia odontolytica (p = 0.0351) and A.actinomycetemcomitans (p = 0.002) were lower; C.rectus (p = 0.0002), P. micra (p = 0065), Streptococcus constellatus (p = 0.0151), T.denticola (p = 0.0141), P.melaninogenica (p = 0.0057), and T.socranskii (p = 0.0316) were higher in shallow pockets in the PA+PD. Diversity decreased in PD (p = 0.001) and PA+PD (p = 0.026) compared to control, with minimal differences in alpha and beta diversities among PD and PA+PD based on NGS results.

Conclusion

These data demonstrated that Parkinson’s disease modifies PD-associated subgingival microbiome.

中文翻译：

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帕金森病改变龈下微生物群的组成

摘要

目的

目前的研究旨在检验帕金森病通过改变微生物群而加剧牙周炎的假设。

材料和方法

记录临床牙周参数。使用棋盘 DNA-DNA 杂交技术对来自健康对照、牙周炎患者 (PD) 和帕金森牙周炎患者 (PA+PD) 的龈下样本进行分析，以针对通常与牙周疾病和健康相关的 40 种细菌。对 16S 核糖体 RNA 基因（V1-V3 区域）进行新一代测序 (NGS)，以全面分析微生物组。

结果

帕金森病患者有轻度至中度运动功能障碍。与 PD 相比，PA+PD 组探诊出血显着增加 ( p  < 0.05)。通过棋盘分析，PA 与索氏密螺旋体( p  = 0.0062)、消化链球菌科_[G-6] [真杆菌]_nodatum ( p  = 0.0439)、微小小孢子菌( p  < 0.0001)、产黑色素普雷沃菌( p  = 0.0002)、Lachnoanaerobaculum的增加相关saburreum ( p  < 0.0001) 和咽峡炎链球菌( p  = 0.0020)。中间链球菌( p  = 0.0042)、P.nodatum ( p  = 0.0022)、P. micra ( p  = 0.0002)、密螺旋体( p  = 0.0045)、L.saburreum ( p  = 0.0267)、P.melaninogenica ( p  = 0.0017) )、直肠弯曲杆菌( p  = 0.0020) 和T.socranskii ( p  = 0.0002) 较高；与 PD 相比，PA+PD 深袋中的放线菌聚集菌( p  = 0.0072) 较低。Schaalia odontolytica ( p  = 0.0351) 和A.actinomycetemcomitans ( p  = 0.002) 较低；C.rectus ( p  = 0.0002)、P. micra ( p  = 0065)、星座链球菌( p  = 0.0151)、T.denticola ( p  = 0.0141)、P.melaninogenica ( p  = 0.0057) 和T.socranskii ( p  = 0.0316）在 PA+PD 的浅袋中较高。与对照相比，PD ( p  = 0.001) 和 PA+PD ( p = 0.026)的多样性下降 ，根据 NGS 结果，PD 和 PA+PD 之间的 α 和 β 多样性差异最小。

结论

这些数据表明帕金森病改变了与帕金森病相关的龈下微生物组。