The ability of the brain to recognize and orient attention to relevant stimuli appearing in the visual field is highlighted by a tuning process, which involves modulating the early visual system by both cortical and subcortical brain areas. Selective attention is coordinated not only by the output of stimulus-based saliency maps but is also influenced by top-down cognitive factors, such as internal states, goals, or previous experiences. The basal ganglia system plays a key role in implicitly modulating the underlying mechanisms of selective attention, favouring the formation and maintenance of implicit sensory-motor memories that are capable of automatically modifying the output of priority maps in sensory-motor structures of the midbrain, such as the superior colliculus. The article presents an overview of the recent literature outlining the crucial contribution of several subcortical structures to the processing of different sources of salient stimuli. In detail, we will focus on how the mesencephalic- basal ganglia closed loops contribute to implicitly addressing and modulating selective attention to prioritized stimuli. We conclude by discussing implicit behavioural responses observed in clinical populations in which awareness is compromised at some level. Implicit (emergent) awareness in clinical conditions that can be accompanied by manifest anosognosic symptomatology (i.e., hemiplegia) or involving abnormal conscious processing of visual information (i.e., unilateral spatial neglect and blindsight) represents interesting neurocognitive “test cases” for inferences about mesencephalicbasal ganglia closed-loops involvement in the formation of implicit sensory-motor memories.

中文翻译：

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内隐选择性注意：中脑基底神经节系统的作用

大脑识别和引导注意力到视野中出现的相关刺激的能力通过调节过程得到强调，该过程涉及通过皮层和皮层下大脑区域调节早期视觉系统。选择性注意力不仅受到基于刺激的显着性图的输出的协调，而且还受到自上而下的认知因素的影响，例如内部状态、目标或以前的经历。基底神经节系统在隐式调节选择性注意的潜在机制方面发挥着关键作用，有利于内隐感觉运动记忆的形成和维持，这些记忆能够自动修改中脑感觉运动结构中优先级图的输出，例如作为上丘。本文概述了最近的文献，概述了几种皮层下结构对处理不同来源的显着刺激的关键贡献。具体来说，我们将重点关注中脑基底神经节闭环如何有助于隐式处理和调节对优先刺激的选择性注意。最后，我们讨论了在临床人群中观察到的隐性行为反应，其中意识在某种程度上受到损害。临床条件下的内隐（突发）意识可能伴随着明显的不可知症状（即偏瘫）或涉及视觉信息的异常意识处理（即单侧空间忽视和盲视），代表了有趣的神经认知“测试案例”，用于推断中脑基底神经节闭环参与内隐感觉运动记忆的形成。