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Second flavor of heavy ions
Nuclear Physics A ( IF 1.4 ) Pub Date : 2023-09-03 , DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2023.122758
Eugene Oks

The existence of the Second Flavor of Hydrogen Atoms (SFHA), predicted theoretically in 2001, has been confirmed by four different types of atomic or molecular experiments, and evidenced by two different types of astrophysical observations. The SFHA is based on the second analytical solution of the standard Dirac equation. Despite this solution is singular at small r, it can be matched with the regular solution inside the proton for the S-states, and thus becomes legitimate. The SFHA have only the S-states: so, in accordance to the selection rules of quantum mechanics they do not couple to the electromagnetic radiation (except for the 21 cm spectral line): they remain dark. In the present paper we extended the legitimacy of the second analytical solution of the Dirac equation outside the nucleus to heavy ions. We predicted the existence of the second flavor of heavy ions and thus the flavor symmetry of these ions. These ions have only the S-states, so that they remain dark just as the SFHA. This theoretical result has the fundamental importance in its own right. Also, it could encourage experimentalists to perform experiments for the verification of the existence of the second flavor of heavy ions. The most probable candidates are ions whose nuclei are double-magic and thus spherical. As an application of the above fundamental result, we referred to the comparison between the nuclear charge radius rn,μ, determined experimentally by the muonic x-ray transition energies, and the nuclear charge radius rn,e, determined experimentally from the elastic electron scattering. The comparison was possible for two spherical nuclei: for 40Ca20, as well as for 48Ca20. In each case, rn,e turned out to be by about 1% smaller, than rn,μ, the difference being well beyond the experimental error margin. We showed in both above examples, that a relatively small admixture (∼10%) of the second flavor of heavy ions in the target reconciles the values of the nuclear charge radius, measured by two different methods, in favor of the larger value. Finally, we noted that while the SFHA is one of the leading candidates for dark matter or a part of it, there are still unsuccessful attempts to find Weakly Interactive Massive Particles (WIMP) as a part of dark matter. We suggested that if there are massive dark matter particles, then more realistically they could be the second flavor of heavy ions, described in the present paper: they are really dark.



中文翻译:

重离子第二味

2001 年理论上预测的第二味氢原子 (SFHA) 的存在已被四种不同类型的原子或分子实验所证实,并被两种不同类型的天体物理观测所证实。SFHA 基于标准狄拉克方程的第二个解析解。尽管这个解在 r 小时是奇异的,但它可以与质子内部 S 态的正则解相匹配,从而变得合法。SFHA 仅具有 S 态:因此,根据量子力学的选择规则,它们不会耦合到电磁辐射(21厘米光谱线除外):它们保持黑暗。在本文中,我们将核外狄拉克方程第二解析解的合法性扩展到重离子。我们预测了重离子第二种味道的存在,从而预测了这些离子的味道对称性。这些离子仅具有 S 态,因此它们与 SFHA 一样保持黑暗。这一理论结果本身就具有根本重要性。此外,它还可以鼓励实验者进行实验来验证第二种重离子的存在。最可能的候选者是其原子核为双幻原子核因而呈球形的离子。作为上述基本结果的应用,我们参考了核电荷半径 r n 、 μ之间的比较,通过μ子X射线跃迁能量实验确定,以及核电荷半径r n,e ,通过弹性电子散射实验确定。对于两个球形核可以进行比较:40 Ca 2048 Ca 20。在每种情况下,r n,e都比 r n, μ小约 1%,差异远远超出了实验误差范围。我们在上述两个例子中都表明,目标中相对少量的第二种重离子混合物(~10%)可以协调通过两种不同方法测量的核电荷半径值,有利于较大的值。最后,我们注意到,虽然 SFHA 是暗物质或其一部分的主要候选者之一,但寻找弱相互作用大质量粒子(WIMP)作为暗物质一部分的尝试仍然不成功。我们认为,如果存在大量的暗物质粒子,那么更现实的是,它们可能是本论文中描述的第二种重离子:它们真的很暗。

更新日期:2023-09-03
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