The transition to carbon neutral mobility will require a lot of carbon neutral energy, but a lot of space as well. In many countries, it will be a challenge to find this space or to import enough energy. Land use indicators related to sustainable mobility usually focus on space for transport infrastructure and parking, i.e. direct land use, and do not include energy supply. Existing literature on the emerging research field of ‘energy landscapes’ has not covered the transport sector. The aim of this paper is to estimate the order of magnitude of land or sea area required for carbon neutral mobility. In a well-to-wheel analysis, we investigate the land use for the production, transport, storage, distribution, and charging/refuelling of carbon neutral energy carriers for various modes of transport. The analysis focuses on the Netherlands, but part of the results are expected to be broadly applicable to other countries as well. The results show that electricity from wind or solar energy supplied to electric vehicles is the most space efficient. Use of hydrogen and synthetic fuels in vehicles takes 2–5 times more land, while use of biofuels from energy crops takes 100 times more land compared to the electricity route. We also conclude that the indirect land use for energy supply for carbon neutral road transport in the Netherlands is in the same order of magnitude as the current direct land use of road mobility.

中文翻译：

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碳中和交通能源供应的土地利用：从油井到车轮的分析

向碳中性交通的过渡将需要大量的碳中性能源，但也需要大量的空间。在许多国家，找到这个空间或进口足够的能源将是一个挑战。与可持续交通相关的土地利用指标通常侧重于交通基础设施和停车空间，即直接土地利用，不包括能源供应。关于“能源景观”这一新兴研究领域的现有文献尚未涵盖交通部门。本文的目的是估计碳中和流动性所需的陆地或海洋面积的数量级。在从油井到车轮的分析中，我们调查了各种运输方式的碳中性能源载体的生产、运输、储存、分配和充电/加油的土地利用情况。分析重点关注荷兰、但部分结果预计也将广泛适用于其他国家。结果表明，为电动汽车提供风能或太阳能电力的空间效率最高。与电力路线相比，在车辆中使用氢和合成燃料需要多 2-5 倍的土地，而使用来自能源作物的生物燃料则需要多 100 倍的土地。我们还得出结论，荷兰碳中和道路运输能源供应的间接土地使用与目前道路交通的直接土地使用处于同一数量级。而使用来自能源作物的生物燃料比使用电力路线需要多 100 倍的土地。我们还得出结论，荷兰碳中和道路运输能源供应的间接土地使用与目前道路交通的直接土地使用处于同一数量级。而使用来自能源作物的生物燃料比使用电力路线需要多 100 倍的土地。我们还得出结论，荷兰碳中和道路运输能源供应的间接土地使用与目前道路交通的直接土地使用处于同一数量级。