We provide a selective survey of the literature on discrimination by criminal justice agents, and argue for a taxonomy of harms that differs from conventional approaches. Discrimination can be self-defeating if it reduces welfare among targets of discrimination while serving no legitimate purpose for the discriminating party. Even if a legitimate purpose is served, discrimination can be deliberative or demeaning, resulting in welfare losses that need to be accounted for. Deliberative and demeaning discrimination can also be self-defeating through general equilibrium effects on witness cooperation, clearance rates, and preemptive and retaliatory violence. We consider how harmful discrimination can be detected and avoided, as well as changes in our understanding of discrimination resulting from the proliferation of predictive algorithms.

中文翻译：

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刑事司法中有害歧视的性质、发现和避免

我们对有关刑事司法人员歧视的文献进行了选择性调查，并主张采用不同于传统方法的伤害分类法。如果歧视减少了歧视对象的福利，同时又不符合歧视方的合法目的，那么它可能会弄巧成拙。即使达到了合法目的，歧视也可能是蓄意的或有辱人格的，从而导致需要考虑的福利损失。通过对证人合作、清除率以及先发制人和报复性暴力的一般均衡影响，蓄意和贬低性的歧视也可能弄巧成拙。我们考虑如何检测和避免有害的歧视，以及预测算法的激增导致我们对歧视的理解发生变化。