The growth of the far right and election results in Brazil are often associated with national or large-scale events. The multi-level features of these developments, namely party competition at the sub-national level, are overlooked in the literature. This article argues that changes in the Brazilian national party system – those observed from Bolsonaro's election, mainly – are rooted in sub-national political dynamics. Through a comparative and longitudinal analysis of multi-level executive and legislative elections, we find that, although there are distinct patterns of competition between the national-sub-national and within-country levels, this difference is not evident in volatility.

中文翻译：

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更新与稳定之间：多层次视角下的巴西政党制度变迁（1998-2018）

巴西极右势力的壮大和选举结果往往与全国性或大型事件有关。这些发展的多层次特征，即地方层面的政党竞争，在文献中被忽视了。本文认为，巴西国家政党制度的变化——主要是博尔索纳罗当选后观察到的变化——植根于地方政治动态。通过对多层次行政和立法选举的比较和纵向分析，我们发现，尽管国家、地方和国家内部之间存在着明显的竞争模式，但这种差异在波动性上并不明显。