Disintermediation is the ability to sell products and services directly to consumers without these having to pass or go through a ‘middleman’, such as travel agent or record company. With no product or service to sell to consumers, disintermediation in the non-profit sector has been conceived as the giving of money directly to beneficiaries/end users, without the need to go through a ‘middleman’ charity—in other words, it is disintermediated giving. However, there is no consensus definition of what ‘disintermediated giving’ is or to what it applies. Much of the academic literature has focused on one form of disintermediated giving: crowdfunding, which is generally conducted on digital platforms. However, not all crowdfundraising/crowdfunding disintermediates charities from the process of giving; and not all disintermediation of charities from the giving process is accomplished via digital crowdfunding platforms. Further, there are examples of various forms of disintermediated giving, particularly, but not solely via crowdfunding platforms, that have raised questions about its practices, ethics, regulation and accountability. Finding robust and sustainable solutions to these issues first requires a coherent conceptualisation of disintermediation/disintermediated giving in the non-profit sector. This paper attempts to do that by providing a typology of disintermediation/disintermediated giving. We examine the phenomenon of disintermediation in organisations that adopt the ‘traditional charity model’ (those which ask for and then convert donations into goods and services for beneficiaries) and look to see which functions and processes are subjected to disintermediation. This can be either the whole or part of that asking/converting process, which is replaced or bypassed by a different entity (individuals, commercial fundraising entities, or companies or charities that adopt an alternative approach to the ‘traditional charity model’). Our typology contains three main types of disintermediation: (A) the charity is disintermediated, with donations and support given directly by donors to beneficiaries; (B) the charity's fundraising function is disintermediated; (C) the charity's service provision to beneficiaries is disintermediated. Each of these raises ethical and regulatory issues, which we briefly explore.

中文翻译：

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非营利部门的非中介给予和索取类型

去中介化是指直接向消费​​者销售产品和服务的能力，而无需通过旅行社或唱片公司等“中间人”。由于没有产品或服务出售给消费者，非营利部门的脱媒被认为是直接向受益人/最终用户提供资金，而不需要通过“中间人”慈善机构，换句话说，它是非中介的给予。然而，对于“非中介捐赠”是什么或其适用范围，还没有达成共识的定义。许多学术文献都关注一种非中介捐赠形式：众筹，通常在数字平台上进行。然而，并非所有众筹/众筹都会使慈善机构脱离捐赠过程。并非慈善机构从捐赠过程中所有的脱媒都是通过数字众筹平台完成的。此外，还有各种形式的非中介捐赠的例子，特别是但不仅仅是通过众筹平台，这引发了人们对其实践、道德、监管和问责制的质疑。为这些问题找到强有力和可持续的解决方案首先需要对非营利部门的脱媒/脱媒捐赠有一个连贯的概念。本文试图通过提供脱媒/脱媒捐赠的类型来做到这一点。我们研究了采用“传统慈善模式”（那些向受益人请求捐款然后将捐赠转化为商品和服务）的组织中的脱媒现象，并研究哪些职能和流程受到脱媒影响。这可以是请求/转换过程的全部或一部分，由不同的实体（个人、商业筹款实体或采用“传统慈善模式”替代方法的公司或慈善机构）替换或绕过。我们的分类包含三种主要的脱媒类型：（A）慈善机构是脱媒的，捐赠者直接向受益人提供捐赠和支持；(B) 慈善机构的筹款功能是去中介化的；(C) 慈善机构向受益人提供的服务是非中介的。每一个都引发了道德和监管问题，我们对此进行了简要探讨。