With the advancement of laser technology in recent decades, this device has been used in a wide range of applications, such as medical sciences, military, industry, holography, spectroscopy, and astronomy. In past years, military operations for better communication depended on radiofrequency. Vulnerability to security threats and exposure to electromagnetic interference were the main problems of this electromagnetic spectrum region. Therefore, attention was drawn to the visible and infrared (IR) regions. This spectrum provided a secure transfer of the data. The probability of intercepting a laser signal is very low due to the divergence of the narrow beam and the coherence of its optical beam. Hence, it has made this device a good candidate for secure military operations. As a result, the laser based-devices and laser-guided weapons (LGW), such as laser target designator and beam riders, have become an undeniable tool on battlefields. Reduction of the vulnerability to the LGW threats by providing laser detection, angle of arrival, wavelength discrimination, and temporal characterization is the main intention of the laser warning system (LWS). This system consists of three major subsystems. The optical subsystem will consist of spectral filters, focusing lenses, and the detection one, which is made of a few detectors in a unique array’s configuration [especially IR photodetector (IRPD)], and the processing subsystem. In the last decades, with the progress made in nanofabrication and nanotechnology, consequential research has been done to enhance the performance of IRPDs, such as increasing the production yield, making it simple in the fabrication processes, lowering the fabrication cost, and increasing the operating temperature. This review paper gives a particular concentration to the photodetectors used in the detection subsystem of LWSs. In addition, some nanostructures have been surveyed to enhance the optical coupling and light–matter interaction of IRPD. Also, all studied structures are compared in a table. Finally, the detection subsystem we simulated and built at the Nanoptronics Research Center will be analyzed.

中文翻译：

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激光预警系统中各类光电探测器结构与技术分析综述

随着近几十年来激光技术的进步，这种设备已被广泛应用于医学、军事、工业、全息、光谱学和天文学等领域。在过去的几年里，为了更好的通信而进行的军事行动依赖于无线电频率。易受安全威胁和暴露于电磁干扰是该电磁频谱区域的主要问题。因此，人们开始关注可见光和红外（IR）区域。该频谱提供了数据的安全传输。由于窄光束的发散性和光束的相干性，拦截激光信号的概率非常低。因此，它使该设备成为安全军事行动的良好候选者。因此，基于激光的设备和激光制导武器（LGW），例如激光目标指示器和光束骑手，已成为战场上不可否认的工具。激光预警系统 (LWS) 的主要目的是通过提供激光探测、到达角度、波长辨别和时间表征来减少 LGW 威胁的脆弱性。该系统由三个主要子系统组成。光学子系统将由光谱滤光片、聚焦透镜和检测子系统组成，检测子系统由采用独特阵列配置的几个探测器组成[特别是红外光电探测器 (IRPD)]，以及处理子系统。在过去的几十年里，随着纳米加工和纳米技术的进步，人们对提高IRPD的性能进行了相应的研究，例如提高产量、简化制造工艺、降低制造成本，提高工作温度。这篇综述论文重点介绍了 LWS 检测子系统中使用的光电探测器。此外，还研究了一些纳米结构来增强 IRPD 的光学耦合和光与物质相互作用。此外，所有研究的结构都在表格中进行了比较。最后，我们将分析我们在纳米电子研究中心模拟和构建的检测子系统。