Nanozymes mimic the function of enzymes, which drive essential intracellular chemical reactions that govern biological processes. They efficiently generate or degrade specific biomolecules that can initiate or inhibit biological processes, regulating cellular behaviors. Two approaches for utilizing nanozymes in intracellular chemistry have been reported. Biomimetic catalysis replicates the identical reactions of natural enzymes, and bioorthogonal catalysis enables chemistries inaccessible in cells. Various nanozymes based on nanomaterials and catalytic metals are employed to attain intended specific catalysis in cells either to mimic the enzymatic mechanism and kinetics or expand inaccessible chemistries. Each nanozyme approach has its own intrinsic advantages and limitations, making them complementary for diverse and specific applications. This review summarizes the strategies for intracellular catalysis and applications of biomimetic and bioorthogonal nanozymes, including a discussion of their limitations and future research directions.

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用于生物医学应用的仿生和生物正交纳米酶

纳米酶模仿酶的功能，酶驱动控制生物过程的重要细胞内化学反应。它们有效地产生或降解可以启动或抑制生物过程、调节细胞行为的特定生物分子。已经报道了两种在细胞内化学中利用纳米酶的方法。仿生催化复制了天然酶的相同反应，而生物正交催化使细胞中无法实现的化学反应成为可能。基于纳米材料和催化金属的各种纳米酶可用于在细胞中实现预期的特定催化作用，以模拟酶促机制和动力学或扩展难以接近的化学物质。每种纳米酶方法都有其固有的优点和局限性，使它们能够补充不同和特定的应用。本文总结了仿生和生物正交纳米酶的细胞内催化策略和应用，包括对其局限性和未来研究方向的讨论。