Rainfed Mediterranean agriculture (MA) must adapt to water scarcity due to climate change and pressures on water resources. According to recent literature, two adaptation solutions based on the concept of diversification can be explored. The first solution is crop diversification at the field level. Three main cropping systems, namely agroforestry, intercropping, and service crops, have been shown to increase soil water availability and to improve crop water use. The second solution is to consider diversification at the landscape level by diversifying crops and associated agricultural management practices (in number, abundance, and spatial organization) and building small-scale water-harvesting infrastructures (WHI). In order to move toward a sustainable MA, one of the main scientific challenges ahead is to provide knowledge and tools, such as integrated agro-hydrological models, useful to evaluate several spatiotemporal combinations of these solutions in order to optimize soil water availability and crop water use.

地中海雨养农业 (MA) 必须适应水资源短缺由于气候变化和水资源压力。根据最近的文献，可以探索两种基于多样化概念的适应解决方案。第一个解决方案是田间作物多样化。三种主要的种植制度，即农林业、间作和服务作物，已被证明可以增加土壤水的可用性并改善作物的用水。第二个解决方案是考虑景观层面的多样化，通过作物和相关农业管理实践（数量、丰度和空间组织）的多样化以及建设小型集水基础设施（WHI）来实现。为了实现可持续的MA，未来的主要科学挑战之一是提供知识和工具，例如综合农业水文模型、