Symbiotic interactions occur in all domains of life, providing organisms with resources to adapt to new habitats. A prime example is the endosymbiosis between corals and photosynthetic dinoflagellates. Eukaryotic dinoflagellate symbionts reside inside coral cells and transfer essential nutrients to their hosts, driving the productivity of the most biodiverse marine ecosystem. Recent advances in molecular and genomic characterization have revealed symbiosis-specific genes and mechanisms shared among symbiotic cnidarians. In this review, we focus on the cellular and molecular processes that underpin the interaction between symbiont and host. We discuss symbiont acquisition via phagocytosis, modulation of host innate immunity, symbiont integration into host cell metabolism, and nutrient exchange as a fundamental aspect of stable symbiotic associations. We emphasize the importance of using model systems to dissect the cellular complexity of endosymbiosis, which ultimately serves as the basis for understanding its ecology and capacity to adapt in the face of climate change.

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解开珊瑚-甲藻共生的复杂细胞生物学：模型系统方法

共生相互作用发生在生命的各个领域，为生物体提供适应新栖息地的资源。一个典型的例子是珊瑚和光合甲藻之间的内共生。真核甲藻共生体存在于珊瑚细胞内，并将必需的营养物质转移给宿主，推动生物多样性最丰富的海洋生态系统的生产力。分子和基因组表征的最新进展揭示了共生刺胞动物之间共有的共生特异性基因和机制。在这篇综述中，我们重点关注支撑共生体和宿主之间相互作用的细胞和分子过程。我们讨论了通过吞噬作用获得共生体、调节宿主先天免疫、共生体整合到宿主细胞代谢中以及作为稳定共生关联的基本方面的营养交换。我们强调使用模型系统剖析内共生的细胞复杂性的重要性，这最终可以作为理解其生态和面对气候变化的适应能力的基础。