Sleep benefits memory consolidation. However, factors present at initial encoding may moderate this effect. Here, we examined the role that encoding strategy plays in subsequent memory consolidation during sleep. Eighty-nine participants encoded pairs of words using two different strategies. Each participant encoded half of the word pairs using an integrative visualization technique, where the two items were imagined in an integrated scene. The other half were encoded nonintegratively, with each word pair item visualized separately. Memory was tested before and after a period of nocturnal sleep (N = 47) or daytime wake (N = 42) via cued recall tests. Immediate memory performance was significantly better for word pairs encoded using the integrative strategy compared with the nonintegrative strategy (P < 0.001). When looking at the change in recall across the delay, there was significantly less forgetting of integrated word pairs across a night of sleep compared with a day spent awake (P < 0.001), with no significant difference in the nonintegrated pairs (P = 0.19). This finding was driven by more forgetting of integrated compared with not-integrated pairs across the wake delay (P < 0.001), whereas forgetting was equivalent across the sleep delay (P = 0.26). Together, these results show that the strategy engaged in during encoding impacts both the immediate retention of memories and their subsequent consolidation across sleep and wake intervals.

中文翻译：

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编码策略对清醒和睡眠期间联想记忆巩固的影响

睡眠有利于记忆巩固。然而，初始编码时存在的因素可能会减轻这种影响。在这里，我们研究了编码策略在睡眠期间随后的记忆巩固中所起的作用。八十九名参与者使用两种不同的策略对单词对进行编码。每个参与者使用综合可视化技术对一半的单词对进行编码，其中这两个项目是在一个综合场景中想象的。另一半进行非整合编码，每个单词对项目单独可视化。通过提示回忆测试，在一段夜间睡眠（N = 47）或白天醒来（N = 42）之前和之后测试记忆力。与非整合策略相比，使用整合策略编码的单词对的即时记忆性能明显更好（P < 0.001）。当观察延迟期间回忆的变化时，与一天清醒时相比，整夜睡眠期间的整合单词对的遗忘显着减少（P < 0.001），非整合单词对没有显着差异（P = 0.19） 。这一发现是由于在唤醒延迟期间，与未整合的配对相比，整合配对的遗忘更多（P < 0.001），而在睡眠延迟期间的遗忘是相当的（P = 0.26）。总之，这些结果表明，编码过程中所采用的策略会影响记忆的立即保留以及随后在睡眠和清醒间隔期间的巩固。