The impact of agrochemicals on native Brazilian bees may be underestimated, since studies of non-target effects on bees have, by and large, concerned mostly the Apis mellifera L. Furthermore, bees may be exposed in the field to multiple agrochemicals through different routes, thus suggesting the necessity for more comprehensive toxicological experiments. Here, we assessed the lethal and sublethal toxicity of multiple agrochemicals (herbicide [glyphosate – Roundup^®], fungicide [mancozeb], insecticide [thiamethoxam]) through distinct routes of exposure (contact or ingestion) to an endangered native Brazilian bee Melipona (Michmelia) capixaba Moure & Camargo, 1994 and to A. mellifera. Results indicate that none of the agrochemicals caused feeding repellency on the bees. Thiamethoxam caused high mortality of both species, regardless of the route of exposure or the dose used. In addition, thiametoxam altered the flight capacity of M. capixaba when exposed to the lowest dose via contact exposure. The field dose of glyphosate caused high mortality of both bee species after oral exposure as well as impaired the flight capacity of A. mellifera (ingestion exposure) and M. capixaba (contact exposure). The lower dose of glyphosate also impaired the flight of M. capixaba through either routes of exposure. Exposure of A. mellifera through contact and ingestion to both doses of mancozeb caused high mortality and significantly impaired flight capacity. Taken altogether, the results highlight the importance of testing the impact of multiple agrochemicals (i.e. not just insecticides) through different routes of exposure in order to understand more comprehensively the potential risks for Apis and non-Apis bees.

农用化学品对巴西本土蜜蜂的影响可能被低估，因为对蜜蜂的非目标影响的研究总体上主要关注蜜蜂。此外，蜜蜂可能通过不同途径在田间接触多种农用化学品，因此表明有必要进行更全面的毒理学实验。在这里，我们通过不同的暴露途径（接触或摄入）评估了多种农用化学品（除草剂 [草甘膦 – Roundup ^{® ]、杀菌剂 [代森锰锌]、杀虫剂 [噻虫嗪]）对濒临灭绝的巴西本土蜜蜂}Melipona（Michmelia）的致死和亚致死毒性。) capixaba Moure & Camargo, 1994 和A. mellifera。结果表明，所有农用化学品均不会引起蜜蜂的拒食行为。无论接触途径或使用剂量如何，噻虫嗪都会导致两种物种的高死亡率。此外，噻虫嗪改变了M的飞行能力。当通过接触暴露暴露于最低剂量的capixaba时。田间剂量的草甘膦在口服接触后导致两种蜜蜂的高死亡率，并损害了蜜蜂的飞行能力。mellifera（摄入暴露）和M . c apixaba（接触曝光）。较低剂量的草甘膦也损害了M的飞行。capixaba通过任一暴露途径。曝光A . mellifera通过接触和摄入两种剂量的代森锰锌造成高死亡率并严重损害飞行能力。总而言之，结果强调了通过不同暴露途径测试多种农用化学品（即不仅仅是杀虫剂）的影响的重要性，以便更全面地了解蜜蜂和非蜜蜂的潜在风险。