We study the effect of temperature on police-involved civilian deaths in the U.S. from 2000 to 2016. We show that both violent crimes and the number of officers assaulted or killed increase on warmer days (), indicating greater personal danger to officers and bystanders on such days. Consistent with these higher threat levels, we find suggestive evidence that fatal shootings of civilians by officers similarly increase on warmer days. However, when we account for surges in officer–civilian interaction, we find no additional effect of high temperatures on fatal shootings, indicating a lack of behavioral or physiological response on the part of officers. Finally, our results for other causes of death show that, on extremely warm days (), the number of casualties associated with the use of Tasers and physical restraints is significantly higher independently of increased interaction between officers and civilians. The results suggest a need to reevaluate the use of Tasers and physical restraint techniques to prevent unintended deaths.

中文翻译：

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JUE洞察：高温、侵略和警察造成的死亡：来自美国的证据

我们研究了 2000 年至 2016 年美国气温对警察参与的平民死亡的影响。我们发现，在温暖的日子里，暴力犯罪和被袭击或杀害的警察人数都会增加 ()，这表明在温暖的日子里，警察和旁观者面临的人身危险更大这样的日子。与这些较高的威胁水平相一致，我们发现有暗示性的证据表明，在温暖的日子里，警察枪杀平民的致命事件同样会增加。然而，当我们考虑到警民互动的激增时，我们发现高温对致命枪击事件没有额外的影响，这表明警官缺乏行为或生理反应。最后，我们对其他死因的研究结果表明，在极其温暖的日子里，与使用泰瑟枪和身体束缚相关的伤亡人数明显更高，而与军官和平民之间的互动增加无关。结果表明，需要重新评估泰瑟枪和身体约束技术的使用，以防止意外死亡。