Recent diagnostic developments suggest that paranoia is a transdiagnostic characteristic common to several personality disorders rather than a personality disorder per se. Nonetheless, empirical literature fails to provide comprehensive and univocal findings on whether and how paranoid presentations relate to different personality disorders. In the present scoping review, we map the empirical literature on paranoid presentations in personality disorders, considering the entire spectrum of paranoid manifestations (i.e., the paranoia hierarchy). In selecting original quantitative studies on paranoid presentations in personality-disordered patients, we screened 4,433 records in PsycArticles, PsycInfo and PUBMED. We eventually included 47 eligible studies in the review. Our synthesis indicates consistent empirical evidence of a wide range of paranoid presentations in Paranoid, Schizotypal and Borderline personality disorders. Conversely, little empirical literature exists on paranoid presentations in other personality disorders. Preliminary findings suggest broad-severity paranoid presentations, ranging from milder to severe forms, in Paranoid, Schizotypal and Borderline personality disorders. There is also some evidence of milder forms of paranoia in Avoidant, Antisocial and Narcissistic personality disorders. Conversely, there is poor evidence of paranoid presentations in Schizoid, Histrionic, Dependent or Obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. Research gaps and recommendations for improving empirical research on paranoid presentations in personality disorders are discussed.

中文翻译：

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寻找隐藏的威胁：对人格障碍偏执表现的范围界定审查

最近的诊断进展表明，偏执是几种人格障碍常见的跨诊断特征，而不是人格障碍本身。尽管如此，实证文献未能提供关于偏执表现是否以及如何与不同人格障碍相关的全面且明确的发现。在本次范围界定综述中，我们考虑了偏执表现的整个范围（即偏执层次），绘制了有关人格障碍中偏执表现的实证文献。在选择关于人格障碍患者偏执表现的原始定量研究时，我们筛选了 PsycArticles、PsycInfo 和 PUBMED 中的 4,433 条记录。我们最终纳入了 47 项符合条件的研究。我们的综合表明，偏执型、分裂型和边缘型人格障碍中各种偏执表现的一致经验证据。相反，关于其他人格障碍的偏执表现的实证文献却很少。初步研究结果表明，偏执型人格障碍、精神分裂型人格障碍和边缘型人格障碍中存在广泛严重程度的偏执表现，从轻微到严重不等。还有一些证据表明，回避型、反社会型和自恋型人格障碍中存在轻度偏执。相反，在精神分裂型、表演型、依赖型或强迫型人格障碍中，缺乏偏执表现的证据。讨论了研究差距和改进人格障碍偏执表现实证研究的建议。