Abstract

The discovery of antibiotics remains one of the greatest achievements of the last century. Unfortunately, due to their overuse and misuse, the occurrence of resistance to antibiotics has become one of the most pressing dilemmas for human public health. Many sources of antibiotic resistance are known, including agriculture, animal husbandry, hospitals, sewage treatment plants, and potentially, cemetery soil. There is lack of sufficient evidence on the contribution of the cemetery soil in the introduction of antibiotic resistance into the environment; therefore, this issue needs to be explored. Here, we review the most important pathways for the transfer of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and their genes and the main factors influencing the spreading efficiency. Unlike other studies on this subject, the article focuses on an area that seems to be overlooked, the cemetery soil environment. The presented data highlight the importance of cemetery soil in the spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and their genes into the environment, which may help identify appropriate solutions to combat this problem more effectively. In addition, the review describes their potential importance in the escalation of the antibiotic resistance phenomenon, along with different methods of combating antimicrobial resistance.

中文翻译：

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墓地和墓地作为抗生素抗性基因和细菌的潜在储存库：综述

摘要

抗生素的发现仍然是上世纪最伟大的成就之一。不幸的是，由于抗生素的过度使用和滥用，抗生素耐药性的出现已成为人类公共卫生最紧迫的困境之一。抗生素耐药性的许多来源是已知的，包括农业、畜牧业、医院、污水处理厂，以及潜在的墓地土壤。缺乏足够的证据证明墓地土壤在将抗生素耐药性引入环境中的作用；因此，这个问题需要探讨。在这里，我们回顾了抗生素抗性微生物及其基因转移的最重要途径以及影响传播效率的主要因素。与该主题的其他研究不同，本文关注的是一个似乎被忽视的领域，即墓地土壤环境。所提供的数据强调了墓地土壤在抗生素抗性微生物及其基因传播到环境中的重要性，这可能有助于找到更有效地解决这一问题的适当解决方案。此外，该评论还描述了它们在抗生素耐药性现象升级中的潜在重要性，以及对抗抗生素耐药性的不同方法。